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The Gardens’ Bulletin
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VOL.60 (1) 2008 ISSN 0374-7859
Singapore Botanic Gardens
THE GARDENS’ BULLETIN SINGAPORE
The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore publishes original papers on plant taxonomy (including revisions), horticulture, phytogeography, floristics, morphology, anatomy and related fields with emphasis on plants in the West Malesian region.
Dr -BsCe lan Dr. Jana Leong-Skornickova
Singapore Botanic Gardens Singapore Botanic Gardens (Editor) (Assistant Editor)
Dr PSY, Tan Ms. C. Soh
Singapore NParks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens (Assistant Editor) (Journal Business Manager) EDITORIAL BOARD
DrS:C. Chin Dr. M.C. Roos Singapore Botanic Gardens National Herbarium Netherlands
Leiden University, The Netherlands Dr. M.J.E. Coode Royal Botanic Gardens Dr. E. Soepadmo Kew, U.K. Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong, Malaysia Prof. Sir P. Crane
University of Chicago Prof. T. Stuessy Chicago, USA University of Vienna Austria Dr. R.T. Corlett National University of Singapore Dr. W.K. Tan Singapore National Parks Board, Singapore Dr. W. J. Kress Dr. I. M. Turner Department of Botany, NUNH Research Associate Smithsonian Institute Singapore Botanic Gardens
Washington DC, USA
The Gardens’ Bulletin is published twice yearly by the National Parks Board, Singapore. Neither the National Parks Board nor the Editorial Board is responsible for the opinions or conclusions expressed by the contributing authors.
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[Cover photo: Bulbophyllum entobaptum (see p. 145); photo by J.J. Vermeulen]
M = ie /, JAN 05 2009 ROD ARCS ETM
RES RY
The Gardens’ Bulletin
& Singapore VOL. 60 (1) 2008 ISSN 0374-7859
CONTENTS
Boyce, P. C. and S. Y. Wong Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. Four new species and preliminary thouenis ON IntOnMall SPECIES! CLOUPS Ii) Sala WAK. .-.:.<..<0cc-s<2-0--2<-2<.esacessencessaeeeseceess oe
Boyce, P. C. and S. Y. Wong Hapaline celatrix (Araceae: Caladieae) — a new record for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
sengecessedesec sae enes aoele mabe oats coker? aide ae eee ES Ao nse ea 3] Jutta, M. P.T. Ong and S. N. Phoon
New records for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Family Orchidaceae |
Appendicula floribunda, Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum, Cymbidium sigmoideum
ATR CTIALO C/U CIAGRATACHSE weer tot seec eons eens coe cvaen ane ov vecesueeyssoceeeeseeseertaeess 37) Kurzweil, H.
Studies in the Peristylus tentaculatus-complex (Orchidaceae) in Thailand ................... 45 Kurzweil, H.
Habenaria mandersii (Orchidaceae) newly recorded from Thailand with notes
UBL E ST OSSCUSTI LOU Wren once ct sea tare ean eat oes Bec es oa ca dacc <5 cb Sad ceens dewaceeeunoevsteceetenese ce: 55 Turner, I. M.
Polyalthia saprosma (Annonaceae), a new species from Borneo................::..0:++6+- = 03 Veldkamp, J. F.
Sarcotheca lunduensis (Oxalidaceae), a new species from W. Sarawak, Malaysia........ 69 Vermeulen, J. J. and P. O’Byrne
Thirty two new Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from Sulawes!1 ...............::::0++ Se, Wong, S. Y. and P. C. Boyce
Studies on Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) of Borneo II: Schismatoglottis confinis,
a putative sister taxon to Schismatoglottis bauensis from Sarawak, Malaysian
55
BOLD EXO ys Rs ec os Be Re a ee
Yeh, C.-L., J.-H. Chen, C.-R. Yeh, S.-Y. Lee, C.-W. Hong, T.-H. Chiu and Y.-Y. Su Musa yamiensis C. L. Yeh & J. H. Chen (Musaceae), a new species from Lanyu, GIN GUD se scoe cated eee sodeseescecetccocbodecdeL Rca aaai aoe eee BRS aSoCRe OEE ee 165
Book Reviews Vascular Flora of Ko Hong Hill, Songkla Province, Thailand by J.F. Maxwell | 2 Rl) ee SE eee cence accdl Sa scaesoccanosbaccdondoocosse 173
Date of publication: September 2008
Published and copyrighted by National Parks Board Singapore Botanic Gardens 1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569
Printed by Photoplates Pte Ltd
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 1-29. 2008 |
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. Four New Species and Preliminary Thoughts on Informal Species Groups in Sarawak
PETER C. BOYCE ' AND WONG SIN YENG ”
'Malesiana Tropicals, Level 5, Tun Jugah Tower, No. 18, Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, 93100 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia "Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Abstract
Four new species of Homalomena (Araceae: Homalomeneae) are described from Sarawak. The current supraspecific taxonomy of the genus is reviewed and reasons for not recognizing at this time formal supraspecific units are justified although the need for species groupings is restated. In line with other large, taxonomically intractable groups, informal groups are proposed and circumscribed. All new species are illustrated.
Introduction
Homalomena Schott is a genus of in excess of 150 species distributed in the new and old world tropics with the majority of species and greatest diversity centred on perhumid South East Asia where there are three centres of diversity: Sumatera, Borneo and New Guinea.
Phylogenetically Homalomena, together with Furtadoa M.Hotta (two species, west Malesia, differing from Homalomena by male flowers each associated with a pistillode), comprises the tribe Homalomeneae M.Hotta, which is sister to tribe Philodendendreae Schott and part of a clade containing otherwise African genera Cul/casia P.Beauvois and Cercestis Schott (together comprising tribe Culcasieae Engl.).
Since the now long out-of-date full revision of Engler (1912) there have been fragmentary floristic accounts by Ridley (1905), Merrill (1922), Alderwerelt (1922a, b) and Furtado (1939, 1940), an uncritical species listing for Malesia focusing primarily on Sumatera (Hotta, 1985), a revision for New Guinea and the Bismark Archipelago (Hay, 1999), and various ad hoc new taxa published by Hotta (1986, 1993), Boyce (1994), Hay
i)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
& Herscovitch (2002) and Sulaiman & Boyce (2005), but no attempt to undertake a full revision of Homalomena. The lack of a reliable taxonomy poses considerable problems for field workers since Homalomena is one of the most speciose and taxonomically intractable aroid genera in the Asian tropics.
The problems presented by a lack of reliable a taxonomy are compounded by the poor state of preservation of many of the historical types, the cryptic nature of most of the systematically significant morphologies, notably the presence, absence and disposition of sterile flowers, the generally large and complex vegetative structures that do not lend themselves readily to traditional herbarium vouchering methodologies, and the fleeting anthetic period such that even well prepared herbarium specimens are frequently taxonomically useless because inflorescences were prepared post anthesis by which time many significant structures have deliquesced or been subjected to pre-preservation damage by the most frequent inflorescence visitors, chrysomelid beetles, and post-preservation destruction by herbarium beetles.
Homalomenaisataxonomically complex group and notwithstanding the above difficulties, is in urgent need of a rigorous study aimed at resolving the taxonomy and phylogeny. This is imperative not only because Homalomena is one of the most abundant, speciose and least understood of the mesophytic aroid genera in tropical Asia, but also because the genus is now becoming the focus of interest for pharmaceutical research due to the terpenoids and flavonoids occurring in the plant tissues; such studies must have a basis in sound taxonomic understanding or risk being futile. That a taxonomic study is required is no better exemplified than by the work of Hanne Christensen (Christensen, 2000) in which five Homalomena species are highlighted as having moderate to significant importance as medicinal plants among indigenous people in Sarawak; four of the five species are scientifically novel.
In conclusion, Homalomena requires a worldwide revision including investigation of its phylogeny. However, current restraint on available taxonomic expertise means it is unlikely that Homalomena will be so studied in the near future. Nonetheless, as noted by Hay and Herscovitch (2002) and reiterated by Sulaiman and Boyce (2005) there remains a need to be able to identify at least the more distinctive taxa and, thus, although it is undesirable to encourage ad hoc description of new species in taxonomically chaotic genera, at least for the moment description of the more distinctive taxa is desirable to enable some reliable parameters to be set.
Oo
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I.
The genus Homalomena Schott
Homalomena Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher, Melet. Bot.: 20 (1832).
Homalonema Endl., Gen. Pl.: 238 (1837), orth. var.
Spirospatha Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 8 (1838).
Cyrtocladon Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 147 (1851).
Chamaecladon Migq., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 14: 564 (1856).
Adelonema Schott, Prodr. Syst. Aroid.: 316 (1860), syn. prov.
Curmeria Linden & André, Ill. Hort. 20: 45 (1873), syn. prov.
Diandriella Engl., Nova Guinea 8: 20 (1910).
Minute to very large evergreen herbs, erect to decumbent, less often creeping, usually strongly aromatic (terpenoids — frequently reminiscent of mango or citrus peel, or ginger in Asian tropics; anise in the Neotropics). Stems solitary, clustering or creeping and rooting with the terminal portion erect, physiognomically unbranched or rarely pseudodichotomous. Leaves spirally arranged, less often spiro-distichous, very rarely distichous, sometimes together with petioles with conspicuous reddish extrafloral nectaries; petioles longer to shorter than the lamina, channelled to terete or D-shaped, the lower part sheathing, petiolar sheath persistent to marginally marcescent; laminae simple cordate to oblanceolate, glabrous in tropical Asia (but spiny and/or pubescent in most Neotropical species); primary veins arising in a cluster at base of the lamina also distributed along the midrib, veins of the posterior lobes (where present) arcuate, the remainder running distally to the marginal vein; secondary and tertiary veins poorly differentiated from one another, striate. Inflorescences several together, terminal but displaced as to appear to be arising from the axils of the leaves, each synflorescence with inflorescences developing sequentially, individual inflorescences erect before and during anthesis, then becoming decumbent to declinate during fruit development; spathe persistent through to maturation of fruit, mostly simple boat shape or constricted into a lower convolute and distal variously opening limb, exterior smooth or externally ribbed and keeled along the dorsal midline, apex apiculate to strongly mucronate. Spadix divided into two zones: female proximately, male distally with the zones occasionally separated by a naked to staminode- bearing interstice, male part often secreting reddish to brown resin prior to or during anthesis; female flowers naked, often accompanied by a single staminode arising from its base on the side nearest to the base of spadix (hereafter referred to as interpistillar staminodes); ovary incompletely two- to fully four-locular, style apparently absent or extremely short; stigma
4 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
smaller than to exceeding the ovary diam., button like to discoid, sometimes weakly lobed, sometimes impressed, minutely papillate before and during anthesis, often sunken afterwards; placentation basal to central, ovules anatropous, several per locule. Male flowers with two to four, very rarely a solitary stamen, filaments very short to + absent; anthers opening by short apical longitudinal slits usually concealed by the expanded connective forming a flat cap over the top of the stamen. Infructescences pendant during development and at maturity, fruits contained within the persistent and somewhat enlarged spathe; fruiting spathe dehiscent from the base upwards, usually the spathe circumscissile at the insertion of the peduncle, then splitting into a few irregular strips and these curling upwards to reveal the ripe fruit. Fruit where known, a small translucent greenish berry, usually smelling of overripe fruits. Seeds albuminous, very small, ca 1 mm or less long, longitudinally ridged.
Distribution: Indo-Malesia to southern China eastwards to the Solomon Islands with centres of diversity in Sumatera, Borneo and New Guinea; ca 8 Neotropical species (section Curmeria but generic status doubtful).
Habitat: Primarily understorey herbs in lowland evermoist tropical forest, but also reaching mid-montane zone; sometimes rheophytic, very rarely helophytic, occasionally relictual in regrowth and along road cuttings.
Note: Formerly the generic circumscription of Homalomena_ was considerably narrower than currently accepted, with seven genera recognized: Adelonema Schott, Chamaecladon Migq., Curmeria Linden & André, Cyrtocladon Griff., Diandriella Engl. and Spirospatha Raf. Some of these former genera are currently employed as subordinal taxa, as discussed below.
Proposed informal groupings in Asian Homalomena
Current sectional groupings in Homalomena are based upon the work of Schott (1860) and Engler (1912), with additions by Furtado (1939) and Hotta (1967). Five sections are presently recognised: Curmeria (Linden & André) Engl. & K.Krause (including Adelonema Schott) restricted to the Neotropics, and presently the focus of molecular phylogenetic research by Barabé and co-workers; Homalomena (‘Euhomalomena’ of Engl. & K.Krause); Cyrtocladon (Griff.) Furtado; Chamaecladon (Mig.) Engl. & K.Krause, and Geniculatae M.Hotta. All except Curmeria are restricted
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 5
to the Asian tropics, distributed from North East India, eastwards to the tropical Western Pacific, and, with the exception of Geniculatae, all have been recognised as genera at some point in their history.
Of the remaining former generic taxa, Spirospatha Raf. (based on Calla occulta Lour.) is referable to Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott (a species of dubious identity although provisionally placed in section Homalomena), while monospecific New Guinean Diandriella Engl. was reduced to a generic and species synonym by Hay (1999) as Homalomena stollei Engl. & K.Krause.
The present sectional boundaries are based upon overall inflorescence shapes and sizes, the morphology of the sterile and fertile flowers, placentation and micropyle direction. Hay (1999) noted that in several of the New Guinea species these distinctions break down and he declined to utilize any generic subordinal taxa. However, our observations have suggested that these simplified inflorescence characters overlay a complex series of vegetative architectures, including the presence of hapaxanthic and pleionanthic shoot modules in section Homalomena, presence and absence of aromatic tissues, in section Geniculatae a complicated shoot arrangement not paralleled in any other species yet described, and in section Cyrtocladon complex spathe and spadix movements during anthesis. As in the case of Schismatoglottis (Schismatoglottideae) another large and diverse mesophytic genus also distributed in the new and old world tropics although phylogenetically distant from Homalomena, it seems likely that vegetative architecture and, particularly, the spathe movement mechanics during anthesis, are phylogenetically more significant than inflorescence gross morphology and that the maintenance of the formally recognised higher taxa is not useful until such time as a comprehensive phylogenetic study is undertaken.
Nonetheless, in such a large and diverse genus with many novelties yet to be described, subordinal units are a useful tool to facilitate taxonomic study. In other taxonomically intractable groups (e.g. A/ocasia G.Don., Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi, the Pothoeae Engl. and Rhaphidophora Hassk.) the establishment of informal groups has become a standard approach until such time as phylogenetic testing can be undertaken leading to the establishment of evolutionarily robust groups (see Boyce 2000a, b, c, 2001a,b; Boyce & Hay 2001; Hay 1998; Hay & Wise 1991; Hay & Yuzammi 2000). We are following this methodology here in proposing the reduction of the four currently recognised Asian subgeneric groupings into three informal supergroups: Homalomena, Cyrtocladon and Chamaecladon, while reducing Geniculatae to Cyrtocladon.
6 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
The supergroups are defined by the following characters -
The Homalomena supergroup comprises medium to large creeping to erect plants with strongly aromatic tissues, pleionanthic, or rarely hapaxanthic, shoot modules and spathes greater than 1.5 cm long, with no or only a very weak constriction between the upper and lower spathe. Spathe movement during anthesis, where known, comprises simple gaping and then closing of the spathe limb, no spadix movements have been recorded. Ovary three to four locular. Male flowers with three to four, rarely five to six, anthers.
The Chamaecladon supergroup comprises small to minute often creeping, less often erect plants with odourless, or very rarely aromatic, tissues; as far as is known only pleionanthic shoot modules, and spathes less than 1 cm, very rarely up to 1.5 cm long, with no constriction between the upper and lower spathe. Spathe movement during anthesis, where known, comprises simple gaping and closing of the spathe limb. No spadic movement recorded. Ovary two to three locular. Male flowers with two to three anthers.
The Cyrtocladon supergroup comprises medium to very large erect to creeping plants with strongly aromatic tissues, pleionanthic (but very few studied) shoot modules and spathes greater than 2 cm long, with weak to moderate to pronounced constriction between the upper and lower spathe. All of the several species so far studied undergo a complex series of spathe and spadix movements during anthesis. Ovary three to four locular. Male flowers with three to four, rarely five to six, anthers.
Previously described Bornean taxa in relation to the four new species of Homalomena
The four new species described in this paper all belong to the Cyrtocladon supergroup. Based on our literature review and examination of problematic types, we are confident that despite the current chaotic state of Homalomena taxonomy in Borneo, none of our proposed novelties have been featured in the literature on Bornean Homalomena.
I. The publication of Ridley (1905) -
The first attempt to bring order to Homalomena specifically in Borneo was that of Ridley (1905). Ridley listed 23 species for Borneo, of which eight [H. griffithii (Schott) Hook.f, H. intermedia Ridl., H.
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. il
ovatifolia Ridl., H. paucinervia Ridl., H. pumila Hook. (= H. humilis (Jack) Hook.f. ), H. saxorum (Schott) Engl. & H. truncata Hook.f | can be dismissed immediately from this discussion as they belong to the Chamaecladon supergroup. Of the remaining 15 species, taxonomic and/or nomenclatural problems exclude three from further discussion.
H. aromatica Schott var. cordata (Schott) Ridl. is based upon a plant of unknown origin; the superior taxon is endemic to NE India and Bangladesh and belongs to the Homalomena supergroup.
H. fasiata Ridl. is a synonym of Schismatoglottis tecturata (Schott) Engl. (Tribe Schismatoglottideae).
H. sagittifolia Jungh. is here regarded as a Javan endemic with much of the modern interpretation of it as a widespread species in Sunda based upon a series of misinterpretations of the additional specimens cited by Schott, and latterly by Engler (1912). The numerous cordato-saggitate Homalomena species in Sarawak that are commonly referred to as ‘H. sagittifolia will be the subject of a paper in preparation by the authors.
Of the remaining 12 species treated by Ridley, three (H. beccariana Engl., H. miqueliana Schott, and H. paludosa Griff.) are helophytes, often in oligotrophic water systems and not at all related to the species proposed here. Of the rest, five (H. havilandii Ridl., H. insignis Ridl, H. lancea Ridl. H. ovata Engl. and H. sarawakensis Ridl.) are all with oblong to lanceolate leaves, lacking posterior lobes, and while in this morphology approaching H. pseudogeniculata, all differ in lacking a pulvinus at the insertion of the lamina on the petiole.
Of the remaining four species, Homalomena borneensis Ridl. has sagittate, not cordate leaves and a partially naked interstice between the female and male zones. To date H. borneensis is known with certainty only from the Kuching type. Homalomena crassinervia Ridl., H. punctulata Engl. and H. subcordata Engl. are all based upon Matang (Kuching Division) types, and given their morphological differences coupled with the high levels of local endemism, which has proven in the work on Schismatoglottis (e.g., Hay & Yuzammi, 2000) and in mesophytic terrestrial aroids in general to be of great importance in delimitating taxa, they can be effectively dismissed from consideration.
Regarding the status of H. propinqua Schott there exist two problems. First, Ridley’s (1905) interpretation allies the plants more closely to H. sagittifolia sensu Ridl. (see above), whereas Schott’s original description appears to belong to the Chamaecladon supergroup. Secondly, the type of H. propinqua is from Java.
8 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
2. The publications of Alderwerelt (1922) -
Alderwerelt (1922a, b) described and discussed 37 species of Bornean Homalomena, of which 19 are members of the Chamaecladon supergroup and 10 are in the Homalomena supergroup. Of the remaining eight species treated by Alderwerelt, H. raapii Engl. is a Sumateran endemic, while H. miqueliana is, as noted above, a helophyte, and H. propinqua has the problems as outlined earlier. Of the remainder, only two (H. /atifrons Eng] & H. sulcata Engl.) are Bornean (both from Kalimantan) and are narrowly endemic.
3. The publication of Furtado (1939) -
Furtado’s comprehensive treatment made in 1939 was an attempt to bring order to the chaotic state of Homalomena primarily in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatera. Aside from systematic notes, including complete synonymy, references and citations, and localities with exsiccatae covering 58 species, his publication included a review of the sections, together with key and summary, list of collections seen, and index to all names included, and the description of a new section, Cyrtocladon. Regrettably the work 1s beset by a number of problems, no least a tendency to recognize extremely finely defined subordinal taxa and in several instances heterodox definitions of taxa in order to ‘mop-up’ problematic plants. Many of the names that can be applied to Sumateran taxa only are thus ‘stretched’ to fit species from Borneo and elsewhere. In our opinion, aside from a very few widespread species (e.g., H. griffithii Hook.f.) Furtado’s work does not apply to Borneo.
4. The publication of Hotta (1967) -
The only relevant species published by Hotta (1967) is Homalomena geniculata M.Hotta, which is discussed below under the description of H. pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong.
New species of Homalomena
Homalomena ardua P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong, sp. nov.
Homalomena ardua differt ab speciebus ceteris Borneensibus laminis foliorum adaxiali atro-viride, nitentibus, subtus atrorubidus cum nervus centralis et nervis lateralibus primariis prominentibus, petiolis atrorubidus vel viride, forma rubidus cum petioli demum viridescens usque ad */, partem longitudinis petiolo, petioli vagina longa (usque ad 3 partem longitudinis petiolo). Inforescentia mascula gracilis, 2/3 longitidinis inflorescenta
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 9
occupatus. Ab H. josefii (nuper descripto subtus similis) sed stipiteque longiore (ca 8.5 mm longus versus ca 3.5 mm longus), floribus femineus ad basin spadice bis magnis et stigmatibus parum impresso et cum alcoholis atrobrunneus (stigmatii S. josefii elevatus cum alcoholis brunneus pallide), inflorescentiae feminae staminodiis cum alcoholis brunneus pallides (vs griseus cum §. josefii), inflorescentia mascula longiore (ad */, versus '> partem longitudinis spadice) et petioli vagina proportione longa (% partem longitudinis petiolo H. ardua versus '/, to '/, partem longitudinis petiolo H. josefii differt.— Typus: Malaysia, Sarawak, Miri Division: Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu National Park, National Park Headquarters, 04° 02’ 29.4”, 114° 48° 44.3”, 5 Aug 2007, PC. Boyce et al. AR-1938 (Holo, SAR+ spirit). Plates 1 & 2.
Medium to robust herbs, strongly aromatic (mango peel), evergreen, glabrous, toca 80cm tall. Stem pleionanthic, erect to ascending, ca3 cm thick, dark red to green, internodes to ca | cm long. Leaves up to ca 20 together; petiole terete, erect to decumbent with the terminal portion ascending, the laminae held flat, up to 50 cm long, petiole bases clasping, petioles dark reddish to green, reddish forms with the */, lower part of petiole ageing to dark green, matte, drying dark brown, petiolar sheath to ca 31 cm long, near to '/, of petiole length, unequal, broader side rounded at apex, narrower side, weakly decurrent at apex, sheath initially long-persistent with the marginal 1.5 mm soon drying paler, eventually the whole sheath marcescent; lamina broadly ovato-sagittate, 40-50 cm long x 28-34 cm wide, thinly leathery, glossy dark green adaxially (fresh), drying pale olive green, abaxially dark red (fresh), drying pale brown, base cordate, posterior lobes spreading, subtriangular 6-11 cm long, lamina tip obtuse, short-acuminate for ca | cm, thence, apiculate for ca 3.5 mm, sometimes red; midrib raised abaxially (fresh and dry), dark red when fresh, drying reddish brown, adaxially flush with lamina (fresh and dry), ca 3 mm wide, with ca 10 primary lateral veins on each side, diverging at 50°-90° from the midrib, adaxially impressed (fresh), flush with lamina when dry, abaxially raised (fresh and dry), curved sharply towards the apex when near the margin, interprimary veins ca width of the primary lateral veins, alternating irregularly with primaries, posterior lobes each with 3-4 primary lateral veins; secondary venation rather obscure, striate; tertiary venation not visible, all veins running into a thickened intermarginal vein, this particularly conspicuous at the leaf tip, drying paler than the lamina. Inflorescences 1-5 together, erect at anthesis, later declinate, peduncle to ca 10 cm long x ca 3 mm diam, white, matte. Spathe 9-15 cm long, tightly furled prior to anthesis, lower spathe inflating at female anthesis, spathe limb loosening at female anthesis,
10 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Plate 1. Homalomena ardua P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Overall plant; B. Abaxial leaf
lamina dark red with equally coloured midrib; C. Red petiole bases; D. Inflorescence shedding pollen at male anthesis; E. Inflorescences with emerging inflorescence bud; note the sequential emergence. The inflorescence at the back is at female anthesis; that next is at male anthesis.
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 11
Plate 2. Homalomena ardua P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Whole spadix, spathe removed, from alcohol collection; B. Close up of female zone; C. Detail of female zone, note especially the enlarged lowermost female flowers; D. Male zone.
thence, inflating and then opening wide, lower spathe pale green, stained red at insertion of peduncle, white above, spathe limb white at anthesis, with apex and mucro shading to dark pink during anthesis; lower spathe ovoid-ellipsoid, ca 5.3-6.5 cm long, moderately constricted at the junction of the spathe limb, the constriction coinciding with the lower-most fertile male flowers, spathe limb narrowly elliptic, ca 8.5 cm long x 2.3 cm wide (at male anthesis), prominently keeled along the exterior midline, spathe limb margins with the middle ca 7/, reflexing slightly at male anthesis, apex mucronate to ca 3.5 mm long. Spadix equalling the spathe, ca 13
12 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
cm long, elongate cylindrical-fusiform, narrowing in the lower part male zone coinciding with the constriction of the spathe and there intergrading with staminodes, stipitate; stipe ca 8.5 mm long x 4.5 mm diam., strongly dorso-ventrally flattened, female zone ca 3.6 cm long x ca | cm wide, ca % length of spadix, weakly fusiform, the surface adjacent to the spathe limb flattened, female flowers ca 1.5 mm x 0.75 mm, laxly arranged, squat- cylindrical, stigma as broad or slightly smaller than ovary, impressed and weakly trisulcate, stained light brown, interpistillar staminodes truncate on a very slender stipe, ca 0.3 mm diameter, equalling or slightly overtopping the associated female flower, stained greyish in alcohol, lower-most female flowers ca twice the size of fertile females, mostly associated with two or more interpistillar staminodes and seemingly sterile, suprapistillar staminodes each comprising a single sterile anther; male zone ca 8 cm long, ca ’/; length of spadix, lower part weakly constricted, clothed with fertile male flowers intergrading into a single row of staminodes., distal- and proximal-most flowers apparently sterile; male flowers, ca 3 mm x .2 mm trapezoid, comprising 3-7 truncate stamens, each overtopped by a large, slightly raised connective. Infructescence declinate, spathe entirely persistent, pale green stained reddish pink, peduncle dark red, matte. Fruits and seeds not observed.
Distribution: Borneo: Sarawak - endemic, Miri Division. Known only from the type collection.
Habitat: Not known in the wild, planted at the headquarter of Mulu National Park, 65 m asl, but plants originating from the surrounding areas.
Notes: Homalomena ardua is a distinctive plant with the leaf laminae glossy dark green adaxially and dark red abaxially with the midrib red and prominently raised abaxially. Petioles are dark reddish to green, with the reddish forms having petioles ageing to dark green at the lower ’/, of petiole. Petiolar sheathes are long, extending to nearly 2 of the petiole length. The male zone is long and slender which occupies ”/, of the inflorescence. Homalomena ardua differs from H. josefii but the spadix being longer stipitate (ca 8.5 mm in H. ardua) vs. ca 3.5 mm (H. josefii), the female flowers at the lower part of the zone are twice the size those in the upper zone vs. uniform size of flowers throughout the female zone in H josefii. \t is speculated that the enlarged female flowers of H. ardua, which appear to be functionally sterile, may be adapted to attracting or maintaining pollinators. There are also differences in the stigma, which is slightly impressed and stains dark brown in alcohol in H. ardua, but is
ws)
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I |
raised and remains pale brown in alcohol in H. josefii. Further, interpistillar staminodes stain greyish in alcohol in H. ardua but light brown in H. josefii. Lastly, the male flower zone is much longer in H. ardua (occupying ”/, length of spadix), as compared with that of H. josefii ('/, length of spadix). Vegetatively H. ardua is notable by virtue of its leaves dark red abaxially (green adaxially in H. josefii) and the proportionately longer petiolar sheath (% of petiole length in H. ardua vs. '/, to '/, of petiole length in H. josefii.
One of the inflorescences (see 4R-/900) was collected at late male anthesis (based on observation, male anthesis lasts for two to three days). It was observed that the staminodes at the base of insertion and interpistillar staminodes were eaten by visiting chrysomelid beetles.
Etymology: The specific epithet is from the Latin arduous — hard work — in fanciful allusion to the fact that there is much hard work to be done in this genus!
Other specimens seen: Sarawak, Miri Division: Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu National Park, National Park Headquarter, 04° 02° 29.4”, 114° 48° 44.3”, 11 Aug 2007, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-2002 (SAR).
Homalomena josefii P-C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong, sp. nov.
Planta magna usque ad 100cm alta quam foliorum laminii ad vena submarginali abaxialiter valde prominentibus. Ad H. ardua (nuper descripto leviter similis) sed stipiteque breviore (ca 3.5 mm longus versus ca 8.5 mm longus), floribus femineus in toto consimilis, stigmatibus elevatus cum alcoholis brunneus pallide (stigmatii H. ardua parum impresso et cum alcoholis atrobrunneus), inflorescentiae feminae staminodiis cum alcoholis griseus (versus brunneus pallides cum H. ardua), inflorescentia mascula breviore (ad 2 versus */; partem longitudinis spadice) et petioli vagina proportione breviore ('/, to '/, partem longitudinis petiolo H. josefi versus 4 partem longitudinis petiolo H. ardua differt. — Typus: Malaysia, Sarawak, Bintulu Division: Bukit Satiam, 02° 59° 10.0”, 112° 55° 42.8", 14 July 2006, P.C. Boyce et al. AR-1894 (Holo, SAR + spirit). Plates 3 & 4.
Medium to robust herbs, strongly aromatic (ginger/resin), evergreen, glabrous, to ca 100 cm tall. Stem pleionanthic, erect to ascending, ca 5 cm thick, dark red to green, internodes to ca 1 cm long. Leaves up to ca 15 together, ca 5-7 per module; petiole terete, erect to decumbent, 50-70 cm long, petiole bases clasping, eventually falling to leave a conspicuous lunate scar, petioles dark reddish to green, dark reddish forms with longitudinal ridges, green forms always with pinkish red bases, matte, drying dark
14 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Plate 3. Homalomena josefii P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Overall plant; B. Abaxial leaf lamina pale green, with red petiole; C. Red petiole bases; D. Petioles in green form with inflorescences and infructescences; E. Emerging inflorescence bud with declinate infructescences.
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 15
Plate 4. Homalomena josefii P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Whole spadix, spathe removed, from alcohol collection; B. Close up of female/male zone transition; C. Detail of female zone, note evenly sized female flowers; D. Male zone and spadix tip; note the vestigial naked appendix at the tip.
brown, petiolar sheath ca 16-21 cm long, ca '/, to '/, of petiole length, equal, sometimes unequal, broader side rounded at apex, narrower side, weakly decurrent at apex, margin always convolute when fresh, sometimes wide open with broader petiolar sheath, sheath initially long-persistent with the marginal 1.5 mm, soon drying paler, eventually the whole sheath marcescent; lamina broadly ovato-sagittate, 25-45 cm long x 18-32 cm wide, thinly leathery, glossy dark to pale green adaxially (fresh), drying pale olive green, abaxially matte green (fresh), drying pale brown, base cordate, posterior lobes spreading, subtriangular 7-9 cm long, lamina tip obtuse, short-acuminate for ca | cm, thence, stiffly apiculate for ca 2-7 mm; midrib raised abaxially (fresh and dry), green when fresh, drying reddish brown, adaxially flush with lamina, ca 1.5 mm wide, with 6-9 primary lateral veins on each side, diverging at 50°-90° from the midrib, adaxially impressed (fresh), flush with lamina when dry, abaxially slightly raised (fresh and
16 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
dry), curved sharply towards the apex when near the margin, interprimary veins ca 2 width of the primary lateral veins, alternating irregularly with primaries, posterior lobes each with 3-4 primary lateral veins; secondary venation rather obscure, striate; tertiary venation not visible, all veins running into a thickened intermarginal vein, often red when fresh, this particularly conspicuous at the leaf tip and there drying paler than the lamina. Inflorescences 1-7 together, erect at anthesis, later declinate, each subtended by prophyll to ca 9 cm long, followed by cataphyll, ca 2-8 cm long, peduncle to ca 15 cm long x ca 5 mm diam, deep red, matte. Spathe 6.5-15.3 cm long, tightly furled prior to anthesis, lower spathe inflating at female anthesis, spathe limb loosening at female anthesis, thence inflating and then opening wide, lower spathe pale green, stained deep red at insertion of peduncle, flushed pink above, spathe limb white at anthesis, with apex and mucro shading to dark pink during anthesis; lower spathe ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.5-6.5 cm long, moderately constricted at the junction of the spathe limb, the constriction coinciding with the lower-most fertile male flowers, spathe limb narrowly to broadly elliptic, ca 3.3-8.5 cm long x 2.3 cm wide (at male anthesis), prominently keeled along the exterior midline, spathe limb margins with the middle ca ’/; reflexing slightly at male anthesis, apex mucronate to ca 3.5 mm long. Spadix equalling the spathe, ca 6-15.3 cm long, elongate cylindrical-fusiform, narrowing in the lower male zone coinciding with the constriction of the spathe and there intergrading with staminodes, stipitate; stipe ca 3.5 mm long x 5 mm diam., short fusiform, few staminodes present at the insertion of peduncle, similar to interpistillar staminodes, female zone ca 2 cm long x ca | cm wide, ca '/, length of spadix, weakly fusiform, female flowers ca 1.3 mm x 0.75 mm, densely arranged, round, stigma as broad or slightly exceeding the ovary, raised and weakly trisulcate, staining pale brown in alcohol, extending beyond the ovary as the translucent collar, mostly associated with two or more interpistillar staminodes and seemingly sterile, staminodes truncate on a very slender stipe, ca 0.3 mm diameter, equalling or slightly overtopping the associated female flower, few pistillodes at the base of interstice, similar size to female flowers, suprapistillar staminodes zone, to ca 1cm long x 5 mm wide, sometimes wider than female zone, staminodes each comprising a single anther; male zone to ca 4 cm long, ca '/, length of spadix, separated from interstice by weakly constricted lower part of male zone, clothed with fertile male flowers intergrading into a single row of staminodes., distal- and proximal-most flowers apparently sterile; male flowers, ca 3 mm x 2 mm, trapezoid, comprising 3-5 truncate stamens, each overtopped by a large, flat connective, terminal-most flowers sterile and spadix often topped with a vestigial naked appendix. Infructescence declinate, spathe entirely
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 17
persistent, pale green stained reddish pink, sometimes wholey reddish pink, peduncle dark red, matte. Fruits and seeds not observed.
Distribution: Borneo: Sarawak, Bintulu Division — endemic.
Habitat: Terrestrial on shales and seasonally inundated alluvium, 7-120 m asl.
Notes: Homalomena josefii differs from H. ardua by the much shorter spadix stipe to ca 3.5 mm in H. josefii vs. 8.5 mm in H. ardua, the uniform size of the female flowers, the stigma raised and staining pale brown in alcohol in H. josefii (stigma impressed and staining dark brown in H. ardua). Additionally, the male zone is much shorter, occupying 2 of spadix length in H. josefii, but longer (7/, length of spadix) and more slender in H. ardua. Vegetatively H. josefii is distinctive by its large, robust form up to ca 100 cm, shorter petiolar sheath ('/, to '/, of petiole length) as compared to 2 of petiole length in H. ardua, and leaf laminae always with a red, markedly thickened intermargininal vein running to the leaf tip.
Leaf colour is variable in H. josefii, with petioles ranging from green with red bases to more rarely, petioles red with concolorous longitudinal ridges present, and leaf laminae green adaxially as compared to red adaxial leaf laminae in H. ardua.
Etymology: The specific epithet is named for Dr Josef Bogner (Botanischer Garten Miinchen), one of the foremost experts on the aroids and perhaps the only person to have seen all currently recognized aroid genera in the field.
Other specimens seen: SARAWAK: Bintulu Division, Bukit Satiam, 02° 99° 13:37, 112° 55° 57.5”, 14 Jul. 2006, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1900 (SAR); Bukit Satiam, 02° 59’ 07.4”, 112° 55’ 47.0”, 15 Jul. 2006, P.C. Boyce et al. AR-1908 (SAR); Bintulu, road to Kampung Jepak, ca 3.3 km after bridge over Batang Kemena en route to Sibu from Bintulu, 03° 08’ 32.3”, 113° 03° 24.3”, 15 Jul. 2006, P.C. Boyce et al. AR-1911 (SAR).
Homalomena pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong, sp. nov.
Ab omnibus speciebus generis ceteris combinatio caulibus longis repentibus valde robusti, petiolo ad apicem pulvinato, lamina foliiorum pro ratione oblongo-elliptica vel ovato, in stato vivo aliquando abaxiali punctis pellucidus instructa distinguitur. Ab H. geniculata follis spiro-distichis, coriaciis (non chartaceis), sine staminodiis ad basin inflorescentia feminis et interstitio
18 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
quam inflorescentia mascula et femina plus late prompte distinguibilis est. —Typus: Malaysia, Sarawak, Sarikei Division, Ulu Sarikei, 01° 55’ 05.4”, 111° 29’ 35.8”, 7 Dec 2005, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1583 (Holo, SAR). Plates 5& 6.
Medium to moderately robust herbs, strongly aromatic (pine resin), evergreen, glabrous, to ca 50 cm tall. Stem pleionanthic, decumbent with apex erect, frequently creeping for several metres and branching laterally while still continuing a physionogmically unbranched primary axis, green, internodes to ca | cm long. Leaves ca 8-12 together, ca 5 per module, each module subtended by prophyll, up to ca 12 cm long; petiole terete, erect to decumbent, up to ca 30 cm long, pulvinate, ca 3-13 cm from lamina base, roots penetrating petiole bases, petioles green when fresh, matte, drying light brown, petiolar sheath to ca 14 cm long, ca '/, of petiole length, sheath convolute, initially persistent, eventually the whole sheath marcescent; lamina oblongo-lanceolate, sometimes oblongo-elliptic to ovate, 18-33 cm long x 6-15 cm wide, rather thinly coriaceous, matte mid-green adaxially, sometime the mid-rib paler (fresh), drying pale olive green, abaxially matte pale green, sometimes with conspicuous pellucid dots when fresh, very occasionally red (fresh), drying pale brown, base decurrent to truncate, tip obtuse, acuminate for ca 2 cm, thence, apiculate to ca 9 mm; midrib raised abaxially (fresh and dry), drying straw-coloured, adaxially flush with lamina, but slightly channelled towards the leaf base, ca 2.5 mm wide, with 6-9 primary lateral veins on each side, diverging at 45°-55° from the midrib, adaxially impressed (fresh), flush with lamina when dry, abaxially slightly raised (fresh and dry), curved towards the apex when near the margin, interprimary veins ca 2 width of the primary lateral veins, alternating irregularly with primaries, secondary venation rather obscure, striate; tertiary venation not visible, all veins drying in intermittent raised and flush strips especially when near to leaf margin, all veins running into intermarginal vein. Inflorescences 1-5 together, erect, each subtended by a prophyll up to ca 6.2 cm long, peduncle to ca 12-15 cm long x 1.5- 1.6 cm diam, yellowish green. Spathe ca 10.6 cm long, tightly furled prior to anthesis, loosening at female anthesis and yet further at male anthesis, lower spathe yellowish green to white at maturity, spathe limb white prior to and at anthesis, with apex and mucro pale green at anthesis; lower spathe narrowly ellipsoid, ca 3.5 cm long, weakly constricted at the junction of the spathe limb, the constriction coinciding with the lower- most fertile male flowers, spathe limb narrowly lanceolate, ca 7 cm long, mucronate to ca 7 mm long. Spadix shorter than the spathe, ca 8.3 cm long, stipitate, stipe ca 4.5 mm long, weakly dorso-ventrally flattened, obliquely inserted on peduncle; female zone ca 2.2 cm long x 6.5 mm wide, ca 4 length
19
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I.
Plate 5. Homalomena pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Overall plant; B. Pulvinate petioles; C. Declinate infructescences; D. Emerging inflorescence with distinctive mucro; E. Two synflorescences.
20 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Plate 6. Homalomena pseudogeniculata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Whole spadix, spathe removed, from alcohol collection; B. Close up of female and stipe; C. Detail of female/ sterile interstice/male zone, note the interstice width exceeds that of the male and female zones; D. Male zone and spadix tip.
of spadix, weakly fusiform, female flowers densely arranged, ca 1.3 mm diam. x | mm tall, round-cylindrical, lower-most female flowers ca twice the size of fertile females, stigma exceeding the ovary, coherent to adjacent stigma, slightly raised, staminodes absent at the base of insertion, and female flowers with no associated interpistillar staminode, interstice zone wider in diameter than the rest zones, staminodes truncate, ca 1.5 mm wide, slightly overtopping the female flowers, male zone ca 4.8 cm long x 5.2 mm wide, ca '/, length of spadix, cylindrical and tapering to a sharp end, distal and proximal most flowers apparently sterile, narrowing in the lower part coinciding with the constriction of the spathe; male flowers ca 3 mm x 1.6 mm, trapezoid, comprising (3)4-7 truncate stamens, overtopped by a large connective, seemingly fertile to the tip. Infructescence declinate, spathe
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. Z
entirely persistent, lower spathe dark red, limb green, peduncle green. Fruits and seeds not observed.
Distribution: Borneo, endemic: Sarawak, Kuching, Sarikei, Kapit and Miri Divisions; Brunei.
Habitat: Always terrestrial mostly under full shade in deep soil on various substrates, frequently on shales, rarely on granite. 62 m — 600 m asl.
Notes: Homalomena pseudogeniclata is distinctive by its pulvinate petioles and remarkable decumbent-creeping stem giving rise to short leafy side shoots while maintaining a primary axis. Plants frequently occur growing down steep forested slopes giving the impression of several individual plants in arow but on investigation revealing a single creeping stem/rhizome with numerous short lateral branches.
Homalomena_ pseudogeniculata is the third pulvinate-petioled Homalomena species to be formally described. The first was Homalomena geniculata M.Hotta from which H. pseudogeniculata differs by spiro- distichous leaves, with coriaceous leaf laminae and overall, much more massive habit. Homalomena pseudogeniculata is further characterised by having laminae mostly oblongo-lanceolate, sometimes oblongo-elliptic to ovate, sometimes with conspicuous pellucid dots at abaxial surface when fresh, all veins drying in intermittent raised and flush strips especially those near the margins. Inflorescences of H. pseudogeniculata differ in lacking basal staminodes, the female flowers densely arranged and without associated interpistillar staminodes, and an interstice wider than the fertile zones. Interestingly both species have a decumbent rhizome-like stem and a predilection for growing down slopes. The pulvinus is at the petiole/lamina insertion in H. geniculata; mid-way along the petiole in H. pseudogeniculata.
The other currently recognized species with geniculate (pulvinate) petioles is the Sumateran endemic H. elegantula A.Hay, which differs from H. pseudogeniculata, among other characters, by hapaxanthic shoots, overall much smaller and less robust habit and smaller (1 cm long) spathes with only a very weak constriction between the limb and lower part.
A note on the application of the terms pulvinate and geniculate seems appropriate. Currently these terms are used interchangeably in the aroids to define a swelling or cushion-like structure, most often at the base or apex of a petiole; such a presence is frequently used to define several of the major generic divisions in the aroids, notably the subfamilies Pothoideae and Monsteroideae. In fact, numerous genera outside of these
DD, Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
families have some or all species with such structures. The strict definition of geniculate is bent as in a knee whereas that of pulvinate is a swelling or cushion. It is the latter definition that more accurately fits the situation in H. pseudogeniculata. A more detailed paper on these terms is being prepared by the first author.
Etymology: The specific epithet is coined from the superficial similarity of the leaves of this species to H. geniculata — hence pseudo — false.
Other specimens seen: SARAWAK: Kuching Division: Lundu, Gunung Gading, trail to Waterfall, trail above Batu Apek, 01° 41’ 48.2”, 109° 50’ 20.5”, 14 Dec 2006, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-2064 (SAR); Kapit Division: Nanga Gaat, Rejang Wood Concession, stream below Camp Gahada, 01° 41’ 49.4”, 113° 26’ 16.3”, 15 Oct 2003, PC. Boyce & Jeland ak Kisai AR-141.1 (SAR); Nanga Gaat, Rejang Wood Concession, km 65 road to Camp Gahada, 01° 42’ 01.17, 113° 31? 14.8”, 12 May 2004, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-363 (SAR); Nanga _Gaat, Rejang Wood Concession, km 55 road to Camp Gahada, 01° 44’ 44.5”, 113° 28’ 32.3”, 13 May 2004, PC. Boyce et al. AR-385((SAR); Nanga Gaat, Rejang Wood Concession, trail to water catchment behind main camp, 01° 53’ 00.2”, 113° 26’ 53.9”, 14 Dec 2004, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-882 (SAR); Nanga Gaat, Rejang Wood Concession, km 65 road to Camp Gahada, 01° 41’ 59.7”, 113° 31’ 13.7”, 16 Dec 2004, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-907 (SAR); Kapit, Pelagus, Pelagus Rapids, Woodpecker Trail, 02° 11’ 15.1”, 113° 03’ 29.01”, 14 Mar 2005, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1034 (SAR); Kapit, Belaga, Belaga road, 02° 43’ 45.8”, 113° 45’ 37.1”, 12 Oct 2005, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1455 (SAR); Kapit, Belaga, Belaga road, 02° 42’ 55.9”, 113° 45’ 29.3”, 12 Oct 2005, PC. Boyce et al. AR-1457 (SAR); Kapit, Belaga, Belaga road, 02° 42’ 55.9”, 113° 45° 29.3”, 12 Oct 2005, PC. Boyce et al. AR-1461 (SAR + spirit); Kapit, Belaga, km 10 Bakun, Bintulu-Miri road junction, 02° 50’ 51.7”, 114° OL 57.6”, 11 Oct 2005, PC. Boyce et al. AR-1481 (SAR, + spirit); Miri Division: Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., Trail to Gunung Mulu Summit, 04° 02’ 18.7”, 114° 49° 44.2”, 7 Aug 2006, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1955 (SAR); Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., Trail to Long Lansat, Sungai Licat, 04° 00’ 03.5”, 114° 48’ 49.8”, 9 Aug 2006, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1985 (SAR); Miri, Marudi, Sungai Silat Basin, Sungai Palutan, 02° 49.59’, 115° 00.30’, 25 Mar 2003, Lim S.P. S.90424 (SAR). BRUNEI: Temburong District: Sungai Temburong at Kuala Belalong, banks of Sungai Belalong. 4°32’N, 225°9’E, 24 Jun 1989, PC. Boyce 431 (BRUN, K, L)
Homalomena striatieopetiolata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong, sp. nov. Ab allis Homalomenae borneensibus petiolis dimidium distalis eborinus cum
bho Oo
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I.
striae longitudinalis atrorubra vel atrochermesinus, petioli vagina brevissimo (usque ad 3 cm longa; ca 1/10 partem longitudinis petiolo), inflorescentiis pedunculis brevissimo brevissimo (usque ad 3 cm longa), mucro et marginae inflorescentiis chermesinus coloratus et connectivo antherae pubescenti differt.— Typus: Malaysia, Sarawak, Miri Division; Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., trail to Long Lansat, Sungai Licat, 04° 00° 03.5”, 114° 48° 49.8”, 9 Aug 2007, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1988 (Holo, SAR+ spirit). Plates 7 & 8.
Medium to robust herbs, strongly aromatic (mango peel), evergreen, glabrous, to ca 100 cm tall. Stem pleionanthic, erect to ascending, ca 3 cm thick, green, internodes to ca 1 cm long. Leaves few, up to ca 8 together: petiole terete, erect to decumbent, 50-70 cm long, petiole bases clasping, petioles with the lower 2 green and upper 2 white with prominently striate- raised glossy dark to cherry red ridges, longer petioles tending to spread, and these with a somewhat weakly defined pulvinus-like articulation ca 25-35 cm long usually ca '2 way along petiole, both portions of petioles drying dark brown, petiolar sheath to ca 3 cm long, ca '/,, of petiole length, equal at both side, sheath initially long-persistent, eventually the whole sheath marcescent; lamina broadly ovato-sagittate, 27-45 cm long x 22- 36 cm wide, thinly leathery, glossy green adaxially (fresh), drying dark brown, abaxially pale green (fresh), glaucous, drying paler brown, base cordate, posterior lobes spreading, unequal, one side round (ca 5.4-8 cm long), shorter than subtriangular side (ca 5.7-11 cm long), lamina tip obtuse, short-acuminate for ca 2 cm, acuminate up to ca 2 cm, apiculate up to ca 1.8 mm; midrib raised abaxially (fresh and dry), drying dark brown, adaxially slightly channelled when fresh, flush with lamina when dry, ca 2-5 mm wide, with 8-10 primary lateral veins on each side, diverging at 40°-90° from the midrib, adaxially impressed (fresh), flush with lamina when dry, abaxially slightly raised (fresh and dry), drying dark brown, curved sharply towards the apex when near the margin, interprimary veins ca 2 width of the primary lateral veins, alternating irregularly with primaries, arising from the primary lateral veins near petiole insertion, but further up the lamina, arising from midrib, posterior lobes each with 2-4 primary lateral veins; secondary venation rather obscure, striate; tertiary venation not visible, all veins running into a thickened intermarginal vein. Inflorescences 1-4 together, erect, each subtended by prophyll, ca 3 cm long, marcescent, followed by cataphyll, marcescent, peduncle to ca 3 cm long x 3 mm diam. Spathe ca 12.8 cm long, tightly furled prior to anthesis, lower spathe inflating at female anthesis, spathe limb loosening at female anthesis, thense, inflating and then opening wide, lower spathe white prior to and at anthesis, spathe limb white prior to and during anthesis, with spathe tip, mucro and spathe
24 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
| |
Plate 7. Homalomena striatieopetiolata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong: A. Overall plant with decumbent petioles; B. Leaf lamina glossy green; C. Abaxial leaf lamina pale green with striate-raised ridges on petiole; D. Striking striate-raised ridges on petiole; E. Synflorescence with spathe mucro and margin stained striking cherry red, note the marcescent prophyll.
DS)
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I.
Plate 8. Homalomena striatieopetiolata P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong. A. Whole spadix, spathe removed, from alcohol collection; B. Close up of female/male zone transition; C. Detail of female zone; D. Male zone.
margin cherry red; lower spathe narrowly ellipsoid, ca 4.6 cm long, weakly constricted at the junction of the spathe limb, the constriction coinciding with the lower-most fertile male flowers, spathe limb narrowly lanceolate, ca 8.2 cm long, bluntly mucronate to ca 5 mm long. Spadix equalling the spathe, ca 12 cm long, shape, stipitate, stipe to ca 4.4 mm long, obliquely inserted on peduncle, obpyramidal, female zone ca 2.7 cm long x 9.5 mm wide, ca “% length of spadix, weakly fusiform, female flowers densely arranged, ca 1.5 mm diam. x 1.3 mm tall, squat-cylindrical, stigma exceeding the ovary, coherent to adjacent stigma, umbonate and weakly tetrasulcate, interpistillar staminodes clavate, on a very slender stipe, remaining pale brown in alcohol, ca 0.5 mm wide x 1.1 mm long, slightly overtopping the female flowers, lower most female flowers ca twice the size of fertile females mostly associated with two or more interpistillar staminodes and seemingly sterile, suprapistillar pistillodes in three rows and merging with the lower most male flowers these seemingly sterile, male zone ca 8 cm long x 7.7 mm wide, ca 7/,; length of spadix, very weakly fusiform and
26 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
minutely pubescent, distal and proximal most flowers apparently sterile, narrowing in the lower part coinciding with the constriction of the spathe and there intergrading with staminodes, male flowers, ca 3 mm x 1.6 mm trapezoid comprising (3)-4 truncate stamens each overtopped by a large, minutely pubescent, connective. Infructescence unknown.
Distribution: Sarawak, Miri Division. Known only from the type locality.
Habitat: Terrestrial under full shade on seasonally inundated alluvium and shale mud banks mostly in deep soil of riverine forest. 32-60 m asl.
Notes: Homalomena._striatieopetiolata 1s immediately distinctive by the distal half of the petioles white with dark to cherry red striate-raised glossy longitudinal ridges; in this feature it is one of the most attractive Homalomena species yet described. Plants individually carry few leaves, normally ca 8 together, with these tending to spread. Other notable features include the very short petiolar sheath (ca 3 cm, ca '/,, of petiole length), leaf laminae with distinctly oblique base, one round posterior lobe and one subtriangular, the very short, peduncle (ca 3 cm) and the spathe mucro and margins are stained cherry red when fresh. The minutely pubescent connective of the male flowers is noteworthy.
Etymology: The specific epithet alludes to the strikingly striate petioles.
Other specimens seen: Miri Division: Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., Trail to Deer Cave, 04° 02’ 23.8”, 114° 48’ 54.6”, 5 Aug 2007, PC. Boyce et al. AR-1936 (SAR); Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., Trail to Deer Cave, 04° 02’ 02.0”, 114° 49’ 00.0”, 6 Aug 2007, P.-C. Boyce et al. AR-1945 (SAR).
Acknowledgements
The collaboration and support of the Sarawak Forestry Department, the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, in particular Datin Eileen Yen Ee Lee and the Forest Research Centre (Kuching), notably L.C.J. Julaihi & Lucy Chong. Thanks are due to Datuk Amar (Dr) Leonard Linggi Tun Jugah, Graeme Brown and Dr Timothy Hatch of Malesiana Tropicals Sdn Bhd for their support and funding of fieldwork in Sarawak. The first author is grateful for the support provided by Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS. This study is funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Vot: E-Science 05-01-09-SF0006 and permitted under Sarawak
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 2/
Forestry Department Research Permit No. NPW.907.4.2(II)-80 and Permit to enter Park No. 66/2007 valid until 10" October 2008, on yearly renewal basis.
References
Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, C.R.W.K. van. 1922a. New or noteworthy Malayan Araceae II. Bulletin du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg 3: 163- 229.
Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, C.R.W.K. van. 1922b. New or noteworthy Malayan Araceae III. Bulletin du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg 3: 320- 347.
Boyce, P.C. 1994 New species of Araceae from Brunei. Kew Bulletin 49: 793-801.
Boyce, P.C. 2000a. The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae- Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in the southern and western Indonesian archipelago. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 52: 101-183.
Boyce, P.C. 2000b. The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae- Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in the Philippines. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 52: 213-256.
Boyce, P.C. 2000c. The genus Pothos (Araceae: Pothoideae: Potheae) of Thailand and Indochina. Blumea 45: 147-204.
Boyce, P.C. 200la. The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae- Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 53: 19-74.
Boyce, P.C. 2001b. The genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae- Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in New Guinea, Australia and the tropical western Pacific. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 53: 75-183.
Boyce, P.C. and A. Hay. 2001. A taxonomic revision of Araceae tribe Potheae (Pothos, Pothoidium and Pedicellarum) for Malesia, Australia and the tropical Western Pacific. Telopea 9: 449-571.
28 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Christensen, H. 2002. Ethnobotany of the Iban & the Kelabit. Forest Department Sarawak, Malaysia, NEPCon Denmark & University of Aarhus, Denmark. 384 pp.
Engler, A. and K. Krause. 1912. Homalomena, pp. 25—81. In: A. Engler (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich, IV (Heft 55.) (Araceae-Philodendroideae- Philodendreae, [I]: Allgemeiner Teil, Homalomeninae und Schismatoglottidinae). Leipzig.
Furtado, C.X. 1939. Notes on some Indo-Malaysian Homalomena species. Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlement 10: 183-238.
Furtado, C.X. 1940 (published 1941). The variability and distribution of the Indo-Malaysian species of Homalomena. Proceedings of 6th Pacific Science Congress (California, 1939) 4: 577-578.
Hay, A. and R. Wise. 1991. The genus Alocasia (Araceae) in Australasia. Blumea 35: 499-545
Hay, A. 1998. The genus Alocasia (Araceae-Colocasieae) in West Malesia and Sulawesi. Gardens s Bulletin Singapore 50: 221-334.
Hay, A. 1999. A revision of Homalomena (Araceae-Homalomeneae) in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands. B/umea 44: 41-71.
Hay, A. and C. Herscovitch. 2002. Two Remarkable New West Malesian Homalomena (Araceae) Species. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 54: 171- 178.
Hay, A. and Yuzammi. 2000. Schismatoglottideae in Malesia I — Schismatoglottis. Telopea 9: 1-178.
Hotta, M. 1967. Notes on Bornean plants, Il. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 22: 153-162.
Hotta, M. 1985. New species of the genus Homalomena (Araceae) from Sumatra with a short note on the genus Furtadoa. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 38: 43-54.
Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo I. 29
Hotta, M. 1986. Species list and cited specimens of the genus Homalomena (Araceae) in Malesia, pp. 73-120. In: Hotta, M. (ed.), Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra. Sumatra Nature Study (Botany), Kyoto University.
Hotta, M. 1993. Homalomena monandra, a new species of aroid from West Sumatra. Acta Phytotaxonomica Geobotanica 44(2): 93-96.
Merrill, E.D. 1921. Araceae, pp. 86-109. In: Bibliographic Enumeration of Bornean P1. Journal of Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society (Special edition, September 1921).
Miquel, F.A.W. 1856a. Flora van Nederlandsch Indié. vol. 3. Van der Post, Amsterdam.
Miguel, F.A.W. 1856b. Orontiaceae, Aroideae, pp. 148-153. In: W.H. de Vriese, Plantae Indiae Batiae Orientalis. Brill, Leiden.
Ridley, H.N. 1905. The Aroids of Borneo. Journal of Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society 41: 169-188.
Schott, H.W. 1860. Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum. Typis congregationis mechitharisticae, Vienna. 602 pp.
Sulaiman, B. and P.C. Boyce. 2005. A remarkable new species of Homalomena (Araceae: Homalomeneae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 57: 7-11.
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Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 31-36. 2008
Hapaline celatrix (Araceae: Caladieae) — A New Record for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
PETER C. BOYCE ' AND WONG SIN YENG ”
'Malesiana Tropicals, Suite 9-04, Tun Jugah Tower, No. 18, Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, 93100 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia >Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Abstract
Hapaline celatrix P.C.Boyce, a species known from only two collections and hitherto considered endemic to Brunei, has recently been collected in Gunung Mulu NP. An expanded description for the species, additional ecological notes and the first ever published field photographs are presented.
Introduction
Studies on the predominantly Indo-Chinese genus Hapaline Schott in recent years have resulted in a published generic revision (Boyce, 1996) including the description of a second Bornean endemic, Hapaline celatrix P.C.Boyce, based on two collections from the Setap Shales of eastern Brunei, and the rediscovery of Sarawak-endemic, H. appendiculata Ridl., after a period of nearly 30 years, and then only the fourth collection (Boyce et al., 2005).
Yet still more recent fieldwork by the authors in Gunung Mulu N.P. has located extensive populations of H. ce/atrix along the Sungai Licat, a stream draining into the Sungai Tutoh along the SW flank of the park. These collections represent the first ever record for Sarawak and are furthermore a new species record for Malaysia. Additionally the new discovery expands the information concerning species variability, not least variation in leaf shape and leaf markings.
Hapaline celatrix P.C.Boyce Kew Bull. 51: 70 (1996). Type: Boyce 417 (holotype K!; isotypes: BRUN!, L!, K! + Kew spirit coll. no. 57283!, SING!). Plates 1 & 2.
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Plate 1. Hapaline celatrix P.C.Boyce. A. Colony at Sg. Licat; B & C. Inflorescences at male anthesis. Note the short appendix in B & C compared with that of H. appendiculata; D. Hapaline appendiculata; E. Variation in leaf markings of H. celatrix at Sg. Licat.
Hapaline celatrix (Araceae: Caladieae)
Plate 2. Hapaline celatrix P.-C.Boyce. A & B. Range of variation in leaf shape and markings present at Sg. Licat; C. Adaxial venation.
34 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
[Hapaline celator P.C. Boyce in Hay ef al. in Blumea suppl. 8: 68 (1995), nom. nud. |
Diminutive, weakly tuberous or/or moderately rhizomatous evergreen perennial herb up to 15 cm tall. Stem with globose tuber, 7-20 x 7-13 mm; stolons terete, 1-16 cm x 2-4 mm, enclosed by several sub-fleshy, later papery, later still decomposing cataphylls. Roots rather few, ca 0.2 mm in diam. Prophyll of leaf linear-triangular, up to 10 cm x 5 mm, rather weakly 2-keeled, acute to briefly apiculate; cataphyll linear-triangular, up to 12 cm x 9 mm, attenuate to rather blunt; petiole 8-17 cm x 0.5-1.5 mm, longer petioles with up to half of the length buried; leaf blade hastato-sagitatte to ovato-sagittate to cordiform, 5.5-16 x 2.7-10.5 cm, thinly to rather thickly coriaceous or sub-succulent, dark green to variously and variably spotted and blotched with pale green, yellow green or grey, margins smooth to minutely crispulate, apex acuminate, posterior lobes rounded, divergent to sub-parallel; mid-rib prominently raised abaxially, impressed adaxially; _ primary lateral venation arising at ca 75° to the mid rib, prominent abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially, running to a prominent (abaxially), impressed (adaxially), brochidodromous intramarginal collecting vein; interprimary veins much less prominent, running into intramarginal collecting vein; secondary venation reticulate, moderately raised abaxially, slightly impressed adaxially; tertiary venation reticulate, weakly visible abaxially, invisible adaxially in fresh material, barely visible in dried specimens, reticulate. Inflorescence solitary to several together; peduncle 3-9 cm x 0.5- 2 mm, longest peduncles with much of the length buried; spathe 1.5-2 cm long; spathe limb elliptic, 1.5-2 cm x 6-10 mm, apex acute, base decurrent into lower spathe; lower spathe margins clasping, 1.5-3 cm x 2 mm; spadix lcm x 2.5-3 mm, free portion narrowly conic, ca 8 mm long, tapering apically in to a stout conical appendix composed of fused synandrodes. Flowers synandria, irregularly elongate in plane view, 2-7 x 0.75-1.5 mm; ovaries ellipsoid, 2-2.5 x 0.5-1 mm, 2-4 in a single row; stigma slightly prominent, ca 0.2 mm diam; style absent. Infructescence on declinate to reflexed peduncle, partially enclosed by the persistent lower spathe, | cm x 3.5 mm, 2-3-berried; berries more or less globular, ripening pale green, ca 2.4 mm in diam, stigmatic remains not prominent. Seed ellipsoid, ca 1.5 x 3 mm, glossy pale brown with a conspicuous white oily rhape.
Other specimens seen: SARAWAK: Miri Division, Mulu, Long Lama, Mulu N.P., Sg. Licat, trail to Long Lansat, 04° 00’ 03.5”; 114° 48’ 49.8”, 9 Aug 2007, PC. Boyce, S.Y.Wong et al., AR-1972 (SAR, SING). BRUNEI. Temburong: Sg. Temburong at Kuala Belalong, 4°32’ N, 115°9’ E, 20 June
Uo in
Hapaline celatrix (Araceae: Caladieae)
1989, P.C.Boyce 358 (BRUN!, K!); Sg. Temburong at Kuala Belalong, banks of Sg. Belalong. 4°32’, 115°10° E, 24 June 1989, PC Boyce 417 (BRUN, K+K spirit 57283, L, SING).
Distribution: Sarwawak (Miri Division); Brunei (Temburong District).
Ecology: Disturbed lowland mixed dipterocarp forest on river banks in deep leaf litter overlying soils derived from Setap shales. 20-32 m asl.
Notes: Hapaline celatrix differs from all other species of Hapaline by the combination of evergreen habit, small inflorescences borne beneath the leaves and a short sterile spadix appendix. It is most similar to H. brownii Hook.f. in Peninsular Malaysia and S Thailand, and H. appendiculata. It may be distinguished from H. brownii by its evergreen habit and overall lesser stature and the smaller inflorescence carried beneath the leaves. Additionally, H. brownii is restricted to Karst limestone. Hapaline celatrix differs from Hapaline appendiculata by its evergreen habit, more coriaceous leaves and short sterile appendix.
The habitat of H. celatrix is briefly seasonally-dry riverine forest on shale. All known localities of H. ce/atrix are more exposed (higher light levels) and less humid for at least part of each day than the known habitats of H. appendiculata.
The specific epithet comes from the Latin ce/ator, ‘the concealer’, in allusion to the manner in which the foliage obscures the inflorescences, a character otherwise unknown in the genus.
Acknowledgements
The collaboration and support of the Sarawak Forestry Department, the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, in particular Datin Eileen Yen Ee Lee and the Forest Research Centre (Kuching), notably L.C.J. Julaihi & Lucy Chong. Thanks are due to Datuk Amar (Dr) Leonard Linggi Tun Jugah, Graeme Brown and Dr Timothy Hatch of Malesiana Tropicals Sdn Bhd for their support and funding of fieldwork in Sarawak. This study is funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia under fundamental research grant scheme No. FRGS/01(04)/609/2006(42) and permitted by Sarawak Forestry department Research Permit No. NPW.907.4.2(II)-80 and Permit to enter Park No. 66/2007 valid until 10th October 2008, on a yearly renewal basis.
36 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
References
Boyce, P.C. 1996. The genus Hapaline (Araceae: Aroideae: Caladieae). Kew Bulletin 51: 63-82.
Boyce, P.C., Jeland ak Kisai and Jipom ak Tisai 2005. Hapaline appendiculata (Araceae: Caladieae) Rediscovered. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 57: 13-18.
| |
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 37-43. 2008 37
New Records for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia, Family Orchidaceae 1. Appendicula floribunda, Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum, Cymbidium sigmoideum and Dendrochilum bandaharaense
M. JUTTA, P.T. ONG & S.N. PHOON
Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
Four orchids, Appendicula floribunda (Schltr.) Schltr., Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum J.J.Sm., Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J. Sm., and Dendrochilum bandaharaense J.J. Wood & J.B. Comber are new records for the Orchidaceae of Peninsular Malaysia.
Introduction
Expanding infrastructure and development projects have made many areas of forest in Peninsular Malaysia accessible which in recent years has led to the discovery of new records, especially of taxa that were previously recorded from surrounding regions (Jutta, 2004; Jutta & Faridah, 2005; Wong et ail., 2002). Four such species are reported here, namely Appendicula floribunda (Schltr.) Schltr. from Terengganu, Bu/bophyllum elevatopunctatum J.J.Sm. from Selangor and Johor, and Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J. Sm. and Dendrochilum bandaharaense J.J. Wood & J.B. Comber, from Pahang. The presence of these species in Peninsular Malaysia is no surprise, given their confirmed distribution in neighbouring countries.
1. Appendicula floribunda (Schltr.) Schltr.
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. Beth. 1 (1912) 355; Op. Bot. 89 (1986) 138; Comber, Orchids of Sumatra (2001) 532. Basionym: Podochilus floribundus Schltr. Mem. Herb. Boiss. 21 (1900) 58. Fig. 1A-F, Plate 1A, B.
Specimens examined: Terengganu.Taman Negara, Tasik Kenyir, on low- canopy trees overhanging the banks of a shallow stream M. Jutta FRI 59560, 3 Aug 2007 (KEP); M. Jutta KBG 20070621 (living collection FRIM).
38
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Imm
Imm
SS
Imm | | E ee P|
H I J / ts oe = . Me a4 i + y %, a 2mm lem AS eee © 2mm
K
op)
re 2mm
Figure 1. Appendicula floribunda. A. Dorsal sepal; B. Lateral sepal; C. Petal; D. Lip; E. Column; F. Floral bract. Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum. G. Dorsal sepal; H. Petal; I. Lateral sepal; J. Lip (adaxial); K. Lip (abaxial). L. Column. (A-F from FRI 595560, G-L
from FRI 58820).
New Records for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
#
Plate 1. Appendicula floribunda. A. Inflorescence; B. Close-up of a single flower. Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum. C. Flower heavily visited by fruit flies; D. Petal and lateral sepal removed to show tooth on column. (Photographs by P.T.Ong)
40 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
The plant, whose collection was made possible by the building of the Kenyir hydro-electric dam, was identified using Seidenfaden (1986). From other Peninsular Malaysian Appendicula (Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992), the species is easily distinguished by the prominent row of long, retrorse hairs fringing the base of the three-pointed callus (Fig. 1D). Our material has white flowers, turning yellow with age and with some purple markings on the column. Comber (2001) mentioned ‘some purple’ on the lip but this was not observed by us.
2. Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum J.J. Sm. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buit 3 (1920) 99; Comber, Orchids of Sumatra (2001) 771. Fig. 1G-M, Plate 1C, D.
Specimens examined: Selangor. On an old rubber tree trunk Ong P-T. FRI 58820 2006 (KEP); Ong PT. KBG 20070191 (living collection, FRIM). _ Johor. Ong P-T: FRI 58826 14 Dec 2007 (KEP).
Bulbophyllum elevatopunctatum, previously known only from Sumatra, is most similar to B. membranifolium Hook.f. among Peninsular Malaysian species within sect. Sestochilus, but differs in having relatively thick- textured leaves, sepals and petals, leaves with shorter stalk, base of lip with strips of papillae, fimbriate side lobe margins, and a dark red flower. The species is, however, most closely related to the Bornean endemic, B. vinaceum Ames & C.Schweinf., separated only by two strips of papillae at the base of the lip and a distinct curved tooth along each lower margin of the column (Fig. 1L; Plate 1D), which are absent in B. vinaceum. Presence or absence of teeth along the lower margins of the column is considered a specific character within sect. Sestochilus (Vermeulen, 1991). The flowers examined here differed from Comber’s description in being consistently larger in size. Flowers, as soon as the buds opened, were heavily visited by fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera Macquatt.
3. Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. Bull. Dept. l’ Agric. Indes Néerl. (1907) 52; Comber, Orchids of Java (1990) 381, Orchids of Sumatra (2001) 235. Plate 2A, B.
Specimen examined: Pahang. Cameron Highlands, Phoon & Ong FRI 60439 (KEP).
New Records for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia 4]
Plate 2. Cymbidium sigmoideum. A. Plant habit; B. flower. (Photographs by P.T.Ong)
The plant was identified using Comber (1990, 2001). Among Peninsular Malaysian Cymbidium it is most closely related to C. roseum J.J.Sm. Both belong to sub-genus Cyperorchis that is distinguished by the base of the lip being fused to the column. However, it is clearly set apart from C. roseum by the midlobe of the lip that is narrowly oblong, tongue-like and strongly recurved, with an acute tip, also a column that is longer than the lip. Comber (2001) mentioned a callus at the base of the midlobe but this was not observed here. We also observed that anthesis commenced with flowers at the apex and continued towards the base of the inflorescence.
4. Dendrochilum bandaharaense J.J. Wood & J.B. Comber Lindleyana 10 (1995) 57; Comber, Orchids of Sumatra (2001) 398.
Specimen examined: Pahang. Cameron Highlands, Ong PT. et al. FRI 57305, 24 Oct 2007 (KEP).
The plant was identified using Comber (2001). Dendrochilum bandaharaense J.J. Wood & J.B. Comber was until now regarded as endemic in Gunung Bandahara in the Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, Aceh Province of
42 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Sumatra. Among the Peninsular Malaysian species, it is most similar to D. odoratum and D. simile that have entire margins (a character not mentioned in Seidenfaden & Wood, 1992) and from which it differs in having serrate margins on the hypochile of the lip. In addition, it has pale salmon-creamy flowers and the apical wing has more pronounced teeth.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Kueh Hock Leng for assistance in the field, Abdul Aziz bin Mohd. Top, Johor National Parks Corporation, for access to their ex situ collection and to Tai Ngong Chiang from Cameron Highlands, Pahang. This work was in part made possible through the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Project (Project No. 01-04-01-0000 Khas) funded by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). Jaap J. Vermeulen provided valuable advice and reference materials while Ruth . Kiew assisted with the manuscript.
References
Comber, J.B. 1990. Orchids of Java. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.
Comber, J.B. 2001. Orchids of Sumatra. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Jutta, M. 2004. Phaius indigoferus Hassk.: A new record for Malaysia. Folia Malaysiana 5, 1: 17-20.
Jutta, M. & Q.Z. Faridah. 2005. Malaxis inexpectata and Habenaria paradiseoides (Orchidaceae), new records for Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens Bulletin Singapore 57: 263-267.
Seidenfaden, G. 1986. Orchid genera in Thailand 13. Thirty three epidendroid genera. Opera Botanica 89: 1-216.
Seidenfaden, G. & J.J. Wood. 1992. The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen, Denmark.
eS)
New Records for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Vermeulen, J.J. 1991. Orchids of Borneo Vol. 2. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
Wong, K.M., M. Sugumaran, J. Jumian & Zulkapli Ibrahim. 2002. New and interesting records for Peninsular Malaysia: Bulbophyllum lemniscatoides and Mischobulbum crassum (Orchidaceae). Malaysian Nature Journal 55: 183-186.
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 45-54. 2008 A5
Studies in the Peristylus tentaculatus-complex (Orchidaceae) in Thailand
H. KURZWEIL
The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569
Abstract
A large number of Thai specimens belonging to the Peristylus tentaculatus- complex were examined in the present study. No characters were found to distinguish between the three previously recognised species, Peristylus tentaculatus (Lindl.) J.J.Sm., P. tipuliferus (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Mukerjee and P. garrettii (Rolfe ex Downie) J.J. Wood & Ormerod, which are therefore considered as conspecific.
Introduction
During the preparation of the treatment of the orchid genus Peristylus for the Flora of Thailand a large number of specimens of the group comprising the three very similar species, Peristylus tentaculatus (Lindl.) J.J.Sm., P. tipuliferus (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Mukerjee and P. garrettii (Rolfe ex Downie) J.J.Wood & Ormerod, were examined with the aim of finding distinguishing characters between them. Special attention has been paid to the characters which have been identified as taxonomically informative before (Seidenfaden, 1977). It was concluded that many specimens in this group can indeed clearly be referred to one of the three species, but that they are interconnected by a large number of intermediate forms. Although only material from inside Thailand was examined here, the results of the present study are nevertheless significant and indicate that the previously recognised species are not sufficiently different from each other to be recognised as separate species. Therefore they are here considered as belonging to a single variable species P. tentaculatus.
The inclusion of the concept of Peristylus garrettii in P. tentaculatus is in agreement with the original suggestion of Seidenfaden (1977, p. 41) (as Habenaria garrettii Rolfe ex Downie). Peristylus tipuliferus and P. tentaculatus have in the past been maintained as separate entities. A detailed comparison of the two was presented by Seidenfaden (1977, p. 44), where it
46 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
was pointed out that the species differ mostly in their vegetative habit and in the thickness of their lip spur. However, Seidenfaden himself admitted that some of the Thai specimens of these two taxa are difficult to place, stating that further research on them is needed.
In the present study measurements of 38 specimens from 19 different collections were taken, and additional information was obtained from the literature (particularly from Seidenfaden & Smitinand, 1959; Seidenfaden, 1977).
The total plant size, leaf number, leaf size, leaf insertion, as well as distance from lowermost to uppermost leaf, are indicated in Table 1, and various spur measurements are shown in Table 2. Previous identifications are also given in the two tables where available, but it needs to be pointed out that these need not necessarily be correct. Of particular interest are the features in different plants of the same collection (either deposited in different herbaria or in the same), indicating that the critical characters are sometimes variable within the same population.
. Total plant height: An even increase of the stem height from 14 to 57
cm was found which is probably largely caused by environmental and age factors. Specimens that have previously been referred to Peristylus tipuliferus are mostly taller than specimens that have been identified as P. tentaculatus as already pointed out by Seidenfaden (1977, p. 44), but no obvious taxonomic grouping based on the plant size can be made as the distribution of this character shows an entirely continuous pattern.
Leaf size: The size of the blade of the largest leaf varies extensively, but also in this character the variation 1s continuous and does not reveal any obvious grouping (Fig. 1). Leaves can be as short as 3 cm or as long as 16.2 cm, with their width ranging from 0.7 to 3 cm. It is, however, evident that specimens previously referred to P. tipuliferus often have larger leaves than specimens of P. tentaculatus sensu stricto (= s.s.), which was used as one of the distinguishing features in the past (Seidenfaden 1977, p. 44).
Leaf arrangement: Also the arrangement of the leaves has previously been regarded as critical in delimiting the two species Peristylus tipuliferus and P. tentaculatus s.s. (Seidenfaden 1977, p. 44; see also references given there). Typical specimens of P. tipuliferus have the leaves scattered or clustered on the stem 10-15 cm above the ground while typical specimens of P. tentaculatus s.s. have their leaves clustered near the soil surface. A large number of intermediate forms between these two character states were found in the present study, as the insertion of the lowest leaf ranges continuously from 0.5 to well over 6 cm. A whole range of variation was also found in the distance of the lowermost and uppermost leaf (0.2 to over 6 cm). Both observations suggest that the two species cannot be separated on this basis.
Peristylus tentaculatus in Thailand 47
Table 1. Vegetative features of various specimens of Peristylus tentaculatus, indicating total plant size, leaf number, leaf blade size, height of insertion of the lowermost leaf, height of insertion of the uppermost leaf and distance from uppermost to lowermost leaf. All measurements in centimetres. In collections which have been identified before their previous name is given. [-] data not available.
| Distance ‘ of Previously Total Number | Blade Insertion | Insertion lowermost Collections referred to plant of largest lowermost | uppermost and size leaves leaf | leaf | leaf uppermost leaf | | Chanthanaoraphin s.n. | tentaculatus | 24 3 6x | | 2S | 4 1.5 (BCU) | T . ~ Chanthanaoraphin s.n. | tentaculatus | 51 5 [sxis 2:5 | 8.5 6 (BCU) | | t | | Garrett 61 (BKF) pleas ulatus | 26 13 PS eexelen 1.1 2.2 1.1 5 ~ + + = + Garrett 61 (K) tentaculatus | 33 3 5.2x 1.4 l 2 2 7 i i i + + Garrett 61 (K) | tentaculatus | 15 13 ye 2 2 1.2 1 - Larsen & al 46277 | tentaculatus | 25 3 4x1 | es 0.5 (AAU) 4 ] } + + Larsen & al 46277 tentaculatus | 30 3 16x 1.2 13 4 | (AAU) | | | iE | | Larsen & al 46277 —_| tentaculatus | 14 2 14x0.7 |1.7 2.2 0.5 -TAI } (SING) | + ; is 4 : Larsen & al 46277 | tentaculatus | 26 13 15x] 2 3 l (SING) Larsen & al 46684 tentaculatus | 27 2 broken off | 2.8 $7 0.4 (AAU) Maxwell 00-386 (L) | tentaculatus | 35 | 3 16.3x1.7 {1.5 2.2 0.7 + + + + + Maxwell 00-386 (L) | tentaculatus | 57 14 10.8 x 1.6 | 5.4 7.5 2.1 4 + + + + Maxwell 74-776 (L) |? 147 13 18x2 3 54 24 T 1 + + Maxwell 74-776 9 30 | 4 16x | 0.8 2.5 1.7 (AAU) | t | | | Maxwell 74-776 |? }40.5 | 4 Wea 2 3 1.8 (AAU) | | | ) | } Murata 15894 tentaculatus | 20.8 3 44x] 0.8 2 0.4 (Seidenf. 1977) 4 + Parish 292 (Myanmar) | tipuliferus | - 4 16.2 x 2.2 |- = = (Seidenf. 1977) 2 . | Hl | i > > 42 2 Pumicong 392 (QBG, | tentaculatus | 26 3 xe 3 4.3 1.3 SING)
48
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Smitinand & Sleumer | tentaculatus |31 3 Als IL 8337 (BKF)
Smitinand & Sleumer | fentaculatus |23 3 55) eli 0.3 8337 (L)
Smitinand & Sleumer | fentaculatus | 38 3 8.5x 1.8 l 8337 (L)
Sorensen & al. 4728 | tipuliferus iixales 1.7 (BKF)
Sorensen & al. 4728 tipuliferus NS 2:3} 4 6.5 2,5) (C)
Sorensen & al. 4857 | tipuliferus Orcs) |! 8 4 (C)
Sorensen & al. 4857 | tipuliferus 5x |] 1.8 DiS 0.7 (BKF)
Sorensen & al. 4857 | tipuliferus | 26 4 6.5.x 2.4
(BKF)
Sorensen & al. 4857 | tipuliferus | 35 3 WD
(BKF)
Sorensen & al. 4871 | tentaculatus |22 2 Sexe
(C)
Sorensen & al. 5109 | tipuliferus | 41 3 8x 2.8
(BKF)
Sorensen & al. 5109 | tipuliferus | 40 4 8.5.x 3
(BKF)
Sorensen & al. 5109 | tipuliferus |25 3 broken off
(C)
Sorensen & al. 5109 | tipuliferus | 45 4 W).3) 38 2S)
(C)
Sorensen & al. 5109 | tipuliferus | 33 3 MES xe229
(C)
Thaithong 1132 (BCU)| tipuliferus | 40 3 7.3.x 1.4
Thaithong 1262 (BCU)) tipuliferus | 44 5 Dexa
Thaithong 1495 (BCU)| tentaculatus | 31 - 4x 1.5
Watthana & Wongnak |
2153 (QBG, SING) ? 29 3 Oxo ley
Peristylus tentaculatus in Thailand 49 Table 2. Spur characters in various flowers of Peristylus tentaculatus. All measurements in millimetres. In collections which have been identified before their previous name is given. [-] data not available. : : N SIDE VIEW satis Previously ] Collections erred ie length | width length width depth spur spur stalk | stalk | apical | | incision Cumberlege 610 (K spirit) garrettii 2.8 1.4 0.5 | 0.4 0.05 Cumberlege 610 (K spirit) | garrettii 3 12 | 0.7 | 0.6 10.1 Garrett 61 (K) tentaculatus | 3.9 2 0.8 0 - Garrett 61 (K) | tentaculatus 3.4 1.5 I 0.5 - Garrett 61 (K) tentaculatus | 2.8 1.3 105 0 0.3 Garrett 61 (K) ~ | tentaculats 3 1.4 10.6 0.4 [9.7 Larsen & al 46277 (AAU) tentaculatus | 3.4 2 0.5 | 0.8 (2 Larsen & al 46277 (SING) _| tentaculatus_ [2.9 1.9 04 [o7 {os Larsen & al 46684 (AAU) tentaculatus | 3 1 .8--2 0.8 0.6 [01 Maxwell 00-386 (L) tentaculatus | 3.7 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.05 Maxwell 74-776 (L) 1? [33 2 [08 07. (03 Maxwell 74-776 (L) ? Sri | ON 05 08 (03 Maxwell 74-776 (L) ? 3.2 2.7 0.5 0.7 0.4 Maxwell 74-776 (AAU) ? 3 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 Maxwell 74-776 (AAU) |? 19 16 0.8 Ge (03 Pumicong 392 (SING) | tentac ulatus | 2.6 | 2.1 | 0.4 0.6 [0.6 Pumicong 392 (SING) | tentaculatus | 2.7 1.9 | 0.5 0.7 0.6 Pumicong 392 (SING) | tentaculatus | 2.3 1.5 {0.7 0.4 | 0.2 Seidenfaden & Smitinand 2676 garrettii 3.75 1.75 0.75 0.75 | 0 (Seidenf. 1977) Seidenfaden & Smitinand 2676 | tipuliferus | 3.2 ; 10.8 ie lo2 (Seidenf. 1977) Seidenfaden & Smitinand 3036 | tentaculatus | 3.3 ca.1.6 | 0.5 | ca. 0.5 lc 1. 0.16 (Seidenf. 1977) | Smitinand & Sleumer 8337 (L) | fentac ulatus |4 1.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 [o 3 Smitinand & Sleumer 8337 (L) tentaculatus 3.6 1.9 0.5 | 0.8 10.2 Sorensen & al. 4728 (C) tipuliferus 3.7 | 2.2 [0 5 | 0.8 0.3 Sorensen & al. 4857 (C) | tipuliferus 3.3 2 10.8 [0.7 {0.3 Sorensen & al. 4871 (AAU)) tentaculatus | 3 2 | | 0.8 Ii Sorensen & al. 5109 (C) tipuliferus_| 3 [2.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 [0 Sorensen & al. 5109 (C) tipuliferus | 3.5 2.2 0 0.7 0.1 Sorensen & al. 5109 (C) tipuliferus 3 1.7 0.7 | 0.6 103 Watthana & Wongnak 2153 (SING) | ? [4 Dias abs [ 08 [03 Watthana & Wongnak 2153 (SING) | ? 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 5 Watthana & Wongnak 2153 (SING) | ? 3.9 | 3 0.5 [08 [0.6
50 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
3.5
i) D> x >
= | a la c= rT | a 2 1.5 a . mA on A | 4 A a a 1 a BS eBe 8 xX x a 0.5 X indet @ fentaculatus A tipuliferus 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
length
Figure 1. Diagram showing the relationship of leaf length and width in two of the taxa previously recognised in the Peristylus tentaculatus complex, namely P. tentaculatus and P. tipuliferus, and in specimens previously not named (‘indet’). All measurements in centimetres.
Floral characters: Also an examination of the flowers of the Peristylus tentaculatus-complex did not reveal any characters which would allow a distinction of separate taxa. This is largely in agreement with the view of Seidenfaden (1977) who was unable to find any differences between the species in their flower structure except in their spur width.
A feature of particular importance is the shape of the lip spur (Table 2). It ranges from 2.3 to 4 mm in total length and has generally a short stalk measuring 0.3-1 x 0.4-0.8 mm. A wide range of variation was found in the total width of the spur when seen from the side, ranging from 1.2 to 2.2(-3) mm; there is also slight variation within the same collection. Both observations suggest that also the spur width cannot be used to recognise taxa within the complex. This is in contrast to Seidenfaden’s (1977, p. 44) observation who found that the spur diameter 1s critical, with P. tentaculatus s.s. having spur diameters of about 2 mm, as opposed to 1-1.5 mm in P. tipuliferus.
In a short taxonomic note Peristylus garrettii was separated from P. tentaculatus on account of its bifid spur apex (Ormerod, 2003: p. 141). The
Nn
Peristylus tentaculatus in Thailand
basionym, Habenaria garrettii, had been reduced to synonymy by Seidenfaden (1977, p. 41), but Ormerod resurrected the species based on the examination of one Chinese and several Thai and Burmese specimens. However, in the Thai material examined here a wide range of variation from clearly bifid spurs, slightly bifid spurs to spurs with entire apex, could be observed, with the apical spur incision ranging from none to 0.6(-0.7) mm (Table 2). The species is therefore considered as conspecific with P. tentaculatus. Also the observation that clearly bifid, slightly bifid and entire spurs are occasionally also found in other species of the genus Peristylus (sometimes even within the same inflorescence) raises doubt about its usefulness in the P. tentaculatus- complex.
Peristylus tentaculatus (Lindl.) J.J.Sm.
Orch. Java (1905) 35; Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 31 (1977) 41. — Glossula tentaculata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 10 (1824) t. 862. — Habenaria tentaculata (Lindl.) Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburg. (1878) 34. Type from S China. Peristylus chloranthus auct. non Lindl.: Seidenfaden & Smitinand, Orchids Thail. 1 (1959) 47, p.p.
Habenaria garrettii Rolfe ex Downie, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925 (1925) 418. — Peristylus garrettii (Rolfe ex Downie) J.J. Wood & Ormerod, Taiwania 48 (2003) 141, syn. nov. — Typus: Thailand, Chiang Mai Province, Doi Suthep, Kerr /18 (holo, K).
Peristylus tipuliferus (C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.) Mukerjee, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 21 (1953) 153; Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 31 (1977) 41. — Habenaria tipulifera C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 30 (1874) 139, syn. nov. Type from Myanmar. Figs. 2 & 3.
Terrestrial herbs, entirely glabrous, (15-)25-70 cm tall. Basal sheaths 2-3, tubular, enveloping the basal part of the stem up to 3 cm high; uppermost sometimes with a sheath to 1.5 x 1.5 cm. Leaves 2-5, basal, clustered or scattered in the lower half of the stem, lanceolate-oblong, acute, mucronate, 5.2-17 x 1.2-2.9 cm, margins entire or papillose. Sterile bracts (1-)2-6, suberect or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 0.9- 2.3(-3) * 0.2-0.35(-0.5) cm, sheathing or not, margins entire or papillose. Inflorescence lax or semi-dense, 7- to many-flowered; rachis (5-)8-24(-30) cm long; bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4.5-10 = 1.5-3 mm, margins entire. Flowers green or yellow-green, also reported as whitish. Sepals obtuse, l-veined; median sepal erect, broadly elliptic-oblong, 3.2-5 x 1.5-2.2 mm; lateral sepals oblong-elliptic, reflexed, sometimes partly rolled-in, 3.2-5.2 x 1-1.6 mm. Petals erect, forming a hood with the median
Nn i)
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 2. Peristylus tentaculatus in its habitat (Pumicong 392).
sepal, 1-veined, elliptic-lorate, subacute or obtuse, 3.5-5 =< 1.3-1.7 mm, basally united with the lip. Lip 4-5.5 mm long, three-lobed with a united basal part 1.9-2.5 mm long; midlobe lorate, 1.9-3 < 0.6-1 mm; side lobes thread-like and largely pointing upwards, normally curled, 13-24 mm long; spur a shortly stalked globular sac with an entire or bifid apex, 2.3-3.8(-4) mm long with a thickness of 1.2-2.2(-3) mm. Gynostemium 1-1.5 mm long. Ovary (including pedicel) 5-8 mm long, smooth.
Specimens examined: UNLOCALISED: Khao Yai National Park [comprising parts of the provinces of Nakhon Ratchasima, Saraburi, Prachinburi and Nakhon Nayok], Cumberlege 610 (K, spirit collection); without locality and collector (BCU, spirit collection). NORTHERN: Mae Hong Son Province:
Peristylus tentaculatus in Thailand 33
Figure 3. Inflorescence of Peristylus tentaculatus (Pumicong 392).
Huai Pu Ling, 10 Sep 2006, Watthana & Wongnak 2153 (QBG, SING); ibid.: Mae Sarieng, 30 Aug 2006, Pumicong 392 (QBG, SING); Chiang Mai Province, BCU [5144] p.p. (BCU, spirit collection); ibid., Obchant Thaithong 1132 (BCU, spirit collection); ibid., Doi Suthep, 30 Oct 1905, Kerr 1/8 (K); ibid., Doi Suthep, 19 Sep 1995, Larsen & al. 46684 (AAU); ibid., Doi Suthep, 4 Sep 1958, Sorensen & al. 4728 (BKF, C); ibid., Doi Suthep, 9 Sep 1958, Sorensen & al. 4857 (BKF, C); ibid., Doi Suthep, 9 Sep 1958, Sorensen & al. 4871 (C), ibid., Doi Suthep, 18 Sep 1958, Sorensen & al. 5109 (BKF, C); ibid., Doi Inthanon, 29 Sep 1910, Garrett 6] (BKF, K); Nan Province, Doi Wao, 10 Sep 1995, Larsen & al. 46277 (AAU, SING); Tak Province, 10 Oct 1992, Obchant Thaithong 1262 (BCU, spirit collection). SOUTH WESTERN: Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Chanthanaoraphin s.n. (BCU).
54 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
CENTRAL: Nakhon Nayok Province, Khao Yai National Park, Khao Khieo, 11 Aug 1974, Maxwell 74-776 (AAU, L), ibid.: 14 Aug 2000, Maxwell 00- 386 (L), ibid.: 29 Aug 1963, Smitinand & Sleumer 8337 (BKF, L). SOUTH- EASTERN: Prachin Buri Province, Obchant Thaithong 745 (BCU), ibid.: Obchant Thaithong 1495 (BCU).
Illustrations: Seidenfaden & Smitinand (1959, p. 31): figs. 20a-e, as Habenaria garrettii; Seidenfaden (1977, p. 42-43): figs. 17a—g, as Peristylus tipuliferus, 18a—e; Chen Singchi & al. (1999, two colour photos on p. 346).
Habitat and flowering time: The species is found in (or on the edge of) evergreen forest, grassy pine forest and oak forest from 100 to 1800 m. There are also reports from rocky marshland. Flowering occurs between August and November.
Distribution: NE India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, southern China, _ Cambodia, Vietnam.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the curators of the herbaria AAU, C, K, L and P for the loan of their specimens, and the staff of the herbaria BKF, BCU, QBG and SING for their assistance while examining their collections. The issuing of a research permit by the National Research Council of Thailand is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Chen, S.-C., Z.-H. Tsi and Y.-B. Luo. 1999. Native orchids of China in colour. Science Press, Beijing and New York.
Ormerod, P. 2003. Orchidaceous Additions to the Floras of China and Vietnam. Jaiwania 48: 139-146
Seidenfaden, G. 1977. Orchid genera in Thailand V. Orchidoideae. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 31: 1-149.
Seidenfaden, G. and Smitinand, T. 1959. The Orchids of Thailand — A preliminary list. Part I. The Siam Society, Bangkok.
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 55-61. 2008
1 Nn
Habenaria mandersii (Orchidaceae) Newly Recorded from Thailand with Notes on the H. hosseusii Group
H. KURZWEIL
The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569
Abstract
The occurrence of Habenaria mandersii Collett & Hemsl. in Thailand is newly reported. The species was previously only known in Myanmar and the former French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam). It is very similar to H. hosseusii Schltr. and it is here suspected that it has frequently been mistaken for this species in the past. Short notes on the taxonomy of the H. hosseusii—-mandersii—dentirostrata Tang & F.T.Wang group are also given.
Although the orchid flora of Thailand is reasonably well known compared with some adjacent countries (see for examples, Kamemoto & Sagarik, 1975; Seidenfaden, 1977, 1986, 1988; Nantiya Vaddhanaphuti, 2005) new distribution records continue to be made, and particularly during the current preparation of the Orchidaceae volume of the Flora of Thailand the orchid flora of the country is being re-examined. Several specimens of H. mandersii Collett & Hemsl. were recently found in herbaria in Thailand and Singapore which is reported here. The species is known to occur in adjacent countries but has not been recorded in Thailand before.
Habenaria mandersii Collett & Hemsl.
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 28 (1890) 133; Seidenf., Dansk Bot. Ark. 31 (1977) 126; Seidenf., Opera Bot. 114 (1992) 67. — Kraenzlinorchis mandersii (Collett & Hemsl.) Szlach., Orchidee (Hamburg) 55 (2004) 58. — Typus: Burma, Shan State, Manders s.n. (K; not seen). Figs. 1-2, Table 1.
Terrestrial herbs, entirely glabrous, except sometimes for the bract margins, 300-550 mm tall. Basal sheaths 2-3, tubular, enveloping the stem base; uppermost with an acute blade to 25 x 14 mm. Leaves 5, scattered in the lower stem portion, lanceolate-elliptic, acute or subacute,
>
mucronate, 70-120 x 12-23 mm, margins papillose. Sterile bracts
Figure 1. Habenaria mandersii (Pumicong 386).
Figure 2. Tongue in front of the spur mouth of Habenaria mandersii. All perianth lobes and the gynostemium removed; spur broken off. Bar =1 mm (from Pumicong 386).
longitudinal laminal flange
lip
spur
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Habenaria mandersii in Thailand
Table 1. Distribution of various floral characters in the Habenaria hosseusii group (all measurements in millimetres).
Character | H. hosseusii H. mandersii H. dentirostrata
Ovary length 21—26(-30) 17-22 ?
Median sepal | §.5—12(-14) x 4-5(-6) | 7.5-10.5 x 4-5.5 9.7-11.3 x ca. 5.5
Lateral sepals 8.2—-12.5(—14) x 34 8-11 x 3-4.6 11-11.3 x 4.5-5.5 (-5.5
Petals 8.5—12.2(-14) x 1.5—1.7| 8-11.5 « 1.5-2 1112.5 x 2.62.8 (-2.5)
Lip 10—17(—24) x 1-2(-3.5) | 11-16.5 x 2.5-3 18-19.3 x 2.6-3
Lateral outgrowths of the | teeth obscure rounded or teeth
tongue in front of the spur absent
entrance
Longitudinal flange in the | short stretching over much _ | short
middle of the tongue
of the length
Apex of tongue
obtuse or mucronate
entire or slightly emarginate
retuse or bilobulate
Spur length
50-100
(28—)30-38(-47)
50-60
9-10, lanceolate, acuminate, 22-60 x 3-8 mm, sometimes papillose on the surfaces, denticulate or papillose on the margins; apically grading into the floral bracts. Inflorescence lax to semi-dense, 10- to 20-flowered; rachis 80-100 mm long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 20-25 x 3-6 mm, elongate- papillose to glandular-hairy on the margins. Flowers white. Sepals oblong- elliptic, subacute or obtuse, 3-veined; median sepal erect, 7.5-10.5 x 4-5.5 mm; lateral sepals spreading, oblique, 8-11 x 3-4.6 mm, basally united with the petals and the lip. Petals oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse or subacute, 1- or 3-veined, 8-11.5 x 1.5-2 mm. Lip entire, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, widest in the upper part, margins involute, 11-16.5 x 2.5-3 mm, with a 1.5- 3 mm long suberect tongue in front of the spur entrance, tongue often with obscure rounded bulges on the sides, the longitudinal flange in the middle of this tongue (facing the spur mouth) stretching over much of its length, tongue apex entire or slightly emarginate; spur cylindric, (28-)30-38(-47) mm long, slightly clavate, apex obtuse. Gynostemium 3-4 mm long, anther with a subacute terminal connective process, anther canals 3-5 mm long, curved or geniculately angled upwards, auricles conspicuous and ca | mm in diameter, stigmatic processes 4-5 mm long, bent upwards. Ovary (including pedicel) 17-22 mm long, papillose, curved, with a narrow neck.
58 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Specimens examined: NORTHERN: Chiang Mai Province, Omkoi, Thung Jum Roen, 29 Aug 2006, Pumicong 386 (QBG, SING); EASTERN: Ubon Ratchathani Province, Po Sai District, Ban Sang Kung, 7 Sep 1997, Somran Suddee 801 (BKF, spirit collection); SOUTH EASTERN: Prachin Buri Province, | Oct 1988, Obchant Thaithong 504 (BCU, dry and spirit collection); Prachin Buri Province, 30 Oct 1977, Amorn Ubolcholakhate s.n. (BCU, spirit collection, material largely disintegrated); WITHOUT LOCALITY (bought at a market in Bangkok): 25 Oct 1989, Obchant Thaithong 772 (BCU, spirit collection).
Illustrations: Seidenfaden (1977, p. 128): fig. 80a—c [flower and floral details]; Seidenfaden (1992, p. 65): fig. 34a-e [plant, flower and floral details].
Habitat and flowering time: The few available detailed collector’s notes indicate that the plants are found in dry deciduous dipterocarp forest. A _small colony in Chiang Mai Province (collection Pumicong 386), growing in a wet area in a grassy clearing in heavily grazed dipterocarp forest, was visited by the author of this paper. A dense clump of about ten plants was seen, with a further few individuals scattered around in the area. Generally, specimens of Habenaria mandersii have been collected at altitudes ranging from 280 to 1025 m. Flowering occurs between August and October.
Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.
Notes: Habenaria mandersii is very similar to the Thai endemic H. hosseusii Schltr. The most obvious differences of the latter are the much longer lip spurs (50-100 mm; as opposed to 28-47 mm in H. mandersii) and details of the tongue in front of the spur mouth (lateral teeth, obtuse or mucronate apex, short laminal flange; as opposed to merely obscure rounded lateral bulges or no lateral outgrowths at all, entire or slightly emarginate apex, long laminal flange in H. mandersii) (see also Table 1). In view of the striking similarity it is here suggested that H. mandersii has in the past frequently been mistaken for H. hosseusii in the field.
Notes on the Habenaria hosseusii group
The Habenaria hosseusii group comprises the three species H. hosseusii, H. mandersii and the little-known H. dentirostrata Tang & F.T.Wang. The species are very similar in many respects and are probably
Habenaria mandersii in Thailand 59
closely related. All three share a similar vegetative habit with three to eight glabrous lanceolate-elliptic leaves scattered in the lower stem portion. The white flowers, borne in few-flowered lax to semi-dense inflorescences, are very characteristic. Pedicel and ovary measure 21-26(-30) mm in length in H. hosseusii and 17-22 mm in H. mandersii and usually have a narrow neck in both species; no data are available in H. dentirostrata. In all three species the sepals and petals are oblong or oblong-elliptic and measure 7.5- 12(-14) mm in length. Unlike in the majority of Habenaria species the lip is unlobed in the H. hosseusii group. It is oblong-spathulate in shape with the widest part in the distal third, has involute margins and measures about 10-17(-24) mm in length. A very distinct feature is the presence of a 1.5- 3 mm long suberect tongue in front of the spur entrance, and its detailed structure is used to differentiate between the three species (Seidenfaden, 1977). The tongue has mostly lateral outgrowth in its basal part which may take the shape of prominent teeth (H. hosseusii, H. dentirostrata) and are obscure rounded bulges or absent in H. mandersii. On the blade of this tongue (facing the spur mouth) there is a longitudinal flange which is very short in H. hosseusii and H. dentirostrata but occupies much of its length in H. mandersii. Apically, the tongue is entire or slightly emarginate in H. mandersii, obtuse or mucronate in H. hosseusii and clearly retuse or bilobulate in H. dentirostrata. Also the spur length differs among the three species, with (28-)30-38(-47) mm long spurs found in H. mandersii and longer spurs found in the other two species (ca 50-60 mm in H. dentirostrata, 50-100 mm in H. hosseusii). The structure of the 3-4 mm long gynostemium is rather uniform in the group, with its 3-6 mm long anther canals curved or geniculately angled upwards and its similarly upwards-bent 3-5 mm long stigmatic processes. The distribution of several of these characters is indicated in Table 1.
The examination of a large number of Thai specimens during the present study suggests that Habenaria hosseusii and H. mandersii appear to be distinct, the former characterised by long spurs and lateral teeth on the tongue, the latter by rather short spurs and the lack of such teeth. Hardly any material of H. dentirostrata was examined here as there is no definite Thai specimens (but see below), and according to illustrations this species is nearly identical with H. hosseusii. Although Seidenfaden (1977) considered it as distinct, a detailed future examination of its material from Laos and Myanmar may well show that it is conspecific with the latter.
All three species are distributed in the region stretching from Myanmar to Vietnam. Habenaria hosseusii is currently considered endemic in Thailand and is rather common in the northern and western parts of the country. Its occurrence has also been reported in Laos but the respective
60 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
specimens are now referred to H. dentirostrata (Seidenfaden, 1977: p. 130). H. mandersii is the most widespread species in the group, having been recorded from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. H. dentirostrata is currently only known in Laos and Myanmar. A part of a plant referable to this species was found in the spirit collection at BCU (Obchant Thaithong 768). However, it was bought at the Sunday Market in Bangkok and it is therefore not known whether it originated from Thailand or was brought over the border from Laos or Myanmar.
Habenaria mandersii was l\isted by Grant in his account of the orchids of Burma (1895, p. 338). This is possibly a misidentification as the plant which he describes appears to share a critical character with H. dentirostrata (which was not known at the time). Grant’s comments on the tongue in front of the spur mouth, “.....large obtuse ligule with revolute sides, the convex face (towards the mouth) has 2 short conical spurs side by side...”, apparently allude to its lateral teeth which are found in H. dentirostrata (and H. hosseusii) but are absent in H. mandersii. However, _ this is contrasted by the short spurs of only “1-2 inches” (25.4-50.8 mm) which are not known in H. dentirostrata.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the staff of the Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden (QSB), Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF), and the Herbarium of the Botany Department of Chulalongkorn University (BCU). I am particularly grateful! to Dr. Somran Suddee, Dr. Obchant Thaithong and Suchada Wongpakam for much useful advice and help during my herbarium visits. The issuing of a research permit by the National Research Council of Thailand 1s gratefully acknowledged.
References
Grant, B. 1875. The orchids of Burma. Hanthawaddy Press, Rangoon.
Kamemoto, H. & Sagarik, R. 1975. Beautiful Thai Orchids. The Orchid Society of Thailand, Bangkok.
Nantiya Vaddhanaphuti. 2005. A Field Guide to the Wild Orchids of Thailand, ed. 4. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai.
Habenaria mandersii in Thailand 61 | . Seidenfaden, G. 1977. Orchid genera in Thailand V. Orchidoideae. Dansk | Botanisk Arkiv 31: 1-149. | Seidenfaden, G. 1986. Orchid genera in Thailand XIII. Thirty-three epidendroid genera. Opera Botanica 89: |—216.
Seidenfaden, G. 1988. Orchid genera in Thailand XIV. Fifty-nine vandoid genera. Opera Botanica 95: |—398.
Seidenfaden, G. 1992. The orchids of Indochina. Opera Botanica 114: 1-502.
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 63-67. 2008 63
Polyalthia saprosma (Annonaceae), a New Species from Borneo
I.M. TURNER
Research Associate Singapore Botanic Gardens. Singapore Correspondence: P.O. Box 20 Winchelsea East Sussex TN36 4WA, UK
Abstract
Polyalthia saprosma |.M. Turner, sp. nov. (Annonaceae), is described from material hitherto confused with P. cinnamomea Hook.f. & Thomson. The new species is recorded from Sabah (Malaysia) and Kalimantan (Indonesia) on the island of Borneo.
While working on an account of the Annonaceae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, it became clear that most of the material from Borneo assigned to Polyalthia cinnamomea Hook.f. & Thomson was not that species and actually represented an undescribed species.
Polyalthia saprosma |.M. Turner, sp. nov. A Polyalthia cinnamomea Hook.f. & Thomson petalis intus villosis differt. -Typus: Malaysia, Sabah, Beluran District, Suah Tingguan, K.B. Dev. Camp, Sungai Sapi, 24 April 1963, SAN 363/5 [holotype, K (barcode: K000380547), isotype, SAN]. Figs. 1 & 2.
Treelet or tree to 20 m tall. Twigs densely brown tomentose when young, glabrous with age, drying with longitudinal wrinkles, often pale and corky. Leaves tomentose beneath when young, becoming glabrous with age, thinly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, drying dark to grey-brown above, brown to green-brown below, narrowly oblong elliptic to obovate, 8-16 < 3-7 cm, base obtuse, apex apiculate to shortly acuminate, midrib slightly sunken above in dry leaves with crest of red-brown hairs, midrib prominent beneath, secondary veins obscure from above, slightly raised beneath in dry leaves, 14-16 pairs, looping within margin. Petioles 4-5 mm long, 1-2 mm thick, densely brown pubescent. Inflorescences single-flowered, subopposite leaves. Flowers malodorous, pedicels 3-4 mm long, densely tomentose, sepals triangular, 6 x 4 mm, densely hairy outside, petals yellow/orange
64 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW
K000380547
Figure 1. The holotype of Polyalthia saprosma |.M. Turner. |
Polyalthia saprosma (Annonaceae) 65
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW
000380548
Figure 2. Fruiting specimen (Aban Gibot SAN 32512) of Polyalthia saprosma 1.M. Turner.
66 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
brown, linear to 8 cm long, 4 mm wide, apex acute, densely covered with long brown hairs which tend to be paler on the inside, glabrous near the base inside, stamens many, ca | mm long, carpels many. Fruiting pedicels 5-8 mm long, ca 2 mm thick, sepals often persisting, monocarps to 50 or more, globose or ellipsoidal to 12 mm long, 6-8 mm in diameter, drying black or dark brown, covered with dark brown tomentum, becoming glabrous with age, stipe 2-8 mm long. Seeds 1-2.
Specimens seen: Malaysia, Sabah: Kelumpang Balong, Tawau, A. Bakar, 9 Jun 1961, (SAN 18508); Tawau, Oct 1922-Mar 1923, A.D.E. Elmer 21475; Mile 12 M. Road Kalabakan, Tawau, Aban Gibot (SAN 30571), 27 Jul 1962; Ulu Balong, Tawau, Aban Gibot (SAN 32512), 10 Nov 1962; east of Sepilok Camp, Sandakan, Aban Gibot (SAN 78649), 11 Dec 1973; Kota Merudu, Aban Gibot (SAN 99586), 11 Aug 1983; Mile 32, Ulu Dusun, Sandakan, Aloysius Simbut (SAN 78558), 12 Jul 1973; Kretam For. Res., Sandakan, Amin & Soinin (SAN 96706), 20 May 1983; Danum Valley, Ulu Segama, _E.J.F. Campbell et al. (SAN 110701), 30 May 1986; Kalabakan, Fedilis (SAN 94723), 6 Apr 1982; Sandakan, H.P. Nooteboom 1613, 17 Mar 1970; Ulu Segama, Lahad Datu, L. Madani & Ismail P. (SAN 108717), 29 Mar 1985; Madai Forest, Lahat Datu, L.E. Teo & B. David (T. & P. 1113) (KL 36/3), 25 Sep 1986; Bettotan, Orolfo 2871, 23 Feb 1933. Indonesia, Kalimantan: Batu Badinging, Bukit Raya, J.F! Veldkamp 8546, 5 Feb 1983.
The flowers are reported to smell of rotten meat which is reflected in the chosen epithet (Greek, sapros = rotten, putrid; osme, osma = fragrance, odour). The scent of decay and furry, dark flowers suggest sapromyophily as the pollination syndrome, with some sort of carrion-visiting insects the pollinators.
Vegetatively P. saprosma is more likely to be confused with Polyalthia motleyana (Hook.f.) Airy Shaw than P. cinnamomea. One fairly consistent distinction is that in PR: motleyana the dry leaves below have venation that contrasts with the lamina by being paler whereas in P. saprosma the veins tend to be darker than the lamina.
Flowering specimens of P. saprosma are often collected before the corolla is fully expanded. The dark brown tomentum on the relatively short petals has led to confusion of some specimens with Polyalthia chrysotricha Ridl., though this species is readily distinguished by the cordate leaf bases, dense tomentum on the undersides of the leaves and the broader petals.
Differences between P. saprosmaand P. cinnamomeaare summarised in Table |. Flowering and fruiting specimens of P. saprosma are illustrated in Figs. | and 2.
Polyalthia saprosma (Annonaceae) 67
Table 1. Summary of differences between Polyalthia saprosma and Polyalthia cinnamomea.
Character Polyalthia saprosma Polyalthia cinnamomea
Leaves Typically obovate, apiculate Typically ovate lanceolate, drying grey-brown or olive acuminate, drying warm brown, brown, fringe of red-brown midrib glabrous above
hairs along midrib above
Flowers Petals villose outside and upper _ Petals tomentose outside, part of inner face glabrous inside Fruits Monocarps globose or ellipsoidal Monocarps pyriform, 20-25 mm to 12 mm long, 6-8 mm in long, 12-15 mm diameter, rusty diameter, glabrescent tomentose Acknowledgements
Financial support for this research has come through the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. Professors Robert Cook and Peter Ashton are thanked for facilitating this support. Prof. Simon Owens permitted access to the facilities of the herbarium and library at Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Dr J.F. Veldkamp (L) kindly provided assistance with the Latin diagnosis.
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1): 69-71. 2008 69
Sarcotheca lunduensis (Oxalidaceae), a New Species from W. Sarawak, Malaysia
J.F. VELDKAMP
National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden University 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
In 1993 I saw a collection from Sarawak (Kessler PK 320) of a Sarcotheca Blume (Oxalidaceae) which looked like S. ochracea Hallier f., but with rather smaller leaves that were glabrous underneath, while the petals were said to be white, which is very exceptional in the woody members of this family, where they tend to have shades of red from pink to nearly blackish red (i.s.). Also this came from the Lundu District in the Kuching Division of Sarawak, while S. ochracea occurs mainly in the Bintulu Division, with some collections from E Sibu and S Miri, and recently has been collected twice in Kalimantan (N Kutai, see note below). Over the years another four collections arrived from Lundu and Sematan (ca 1° 40-48’ N, 109° 40- 50’ E). An analysis with DELTA showed that they agreed with each other, except that where flowers were mentioned they were said to be red.
The flowers of the un-named plant are distylous with a short-styled form (SF: styles shorter than the stamens) and a long-styled form (LF: styles longer than the stamens). The mid-styled form (MF: stigmas between the two rows of anthers) so far is unknown in the genus.
A key to the distinction of the two species is as follows -
- Leaves underneath glabrous, waxy, cinnamon or grey. Pedicels lower joint 1-3 mm long. Petals obovate, ca 2.7 mm long. Filaments in LF the shorter 0.7-1 mm long, the longer 1.3-1.4 mm long. Pistil in SF ca 1 mm long. Seeds ca 5 mm wide. Blades 5-10.5 cm long. Panicles 4-9.5 cm long. W. Sarawak (Kuching Div.: Lundu, Sematan) ....... S. lunduensis
- Leaves underneath pubescent, not waxy, reddish brown. Pedicels lower joint 4-8 mm long. Petals lanceolate to oblanceolate, 4.5-8 mm long. Filaments in LF the shorter 1.5-2 mm long, the longer 2-2.5 mm long. Pistil in SF 1.7-2 mm long. Seeds 3.25-4.5 mm wide. Blades 7.5--23.5 cm long. Panicles 7-70 cm long. C. Sarawak (Bintulu, S Miri, E Sibu WD ies) se, eam att (INSK GICAL)... s:0ceccatevovevaseversnnernendsconaorns S. ochracea
70 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Sarcotheca lunduensis Veldkamp, spec. nov.
Ab omnibus congeneribus calycibus extus ferruginee puberulis, petiolis 1- 1.5 mm latis, paniculis ferruginee velutinis, petalis obovatis ca 2.7 mm longis, filamentis brevioribus in forma brevistyla (SF) ca 2.5 mm longis, ovariis ca 1 mm latis differt. - Typus: Sarawak, Kuching Division, Sematan Distr., Biawak, Ladang DAFA, S 56383 (M. Eja) (L, holo; K, KEP, SAN, SAR, MO, iso).
Petiole 8-21 by 1-1.5 mm; petiolule 4-5.5 by 1-1.5 mm. Leaves unifoliolate, subcoriaceous, elliptic, ovate to oblong, above glabrous, beneath midrib ferruginous hairy, waxy (see note), cinnamon or grey, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or emarginate, margins not parallel, apex acuminate or caudate, venation above not very conspicuous, nerves 5-8 pairs. Leaflets 5-10.5 by 2.75-4.5 cm. Panicles shorter to longer than subtending leaf, 1-3 together, erect, loosely branched, 4-9.5 cm long, ferruginous velvety; branches more or less elongated, not forked at the top, 5.5-10 mm long. Pedicels lower
_joint 1-3 mm long, upper joint 0.3-1 mm long. Flowers distylous (SF + LF). Calyx 2.25-3 mm high, outside brown puberulous, reddish brown, red, or purplish, persistent in fruit. Sepals suborbicular, ovate, broadly obovate, or elliptic, 2-2.3 by 1-2 mm, apex rounded to obtuse. Petals obovate, ca 2.7 by | mm, rounded. Filaments in SF the shorter ca 2.5 mm long, the longer ca 3 mm long, LF the shorter 0.7-1 mm long, LF the longer 1.3- 1.4 mm long. Pistil puberulous, in SF ca 1 mm long, in LF ca 2.4 mm long. Ovary subglobose, 0.8-1 by | mm. Fruit subglobose, 8-9 by 6-8 mm. Rimae conspicuous, papillose. Seeds ca 6.5 by 5 mm. Testa transversally rugose. Cotyledons ca 4 by 2 m. Radicle ca | by 0.4 mm.
Distribution: Sarawak, Kuching Div., Sematan Distr. [S 56383 (frts), S 56384 (fls) (M. Eja), S 65450 (frts) (Hj. Othman & Yahud et al.), Lundu Distr. [Kessler PK 320 (fls & frts), S 62268 (frts) (Hj. Othman Ismawi et al. |
Habitat: Riverine forest, heath forest (kerangas), up to 200 m alt. Phenology: Flowers in end July, end December, fruits in March, early April,
end July, end December. S$ 56383 (frts) and S 56384 (fls) apparently were collected close together.
Vernacular name: Piang (Iban), also used for S. glauca (Hook. f.) Hallier if
Sarcotheca lunduensis (Oxalidaceae) al
Collector s notes: A straggling shrub or small tree, 3--5 m tall. Bark surface smooth, grey. Leaves glabrous. Flowers borne at the end of the twig. Sepals brown, red, fine brown hairy. Corolla red, white (once, see note). Fruit red, bright red.
Uses: Fruits edible, sour to taste.
Notes: The lower surface of the leaves of Sarcotheca species may be waxy (previously called “glaucous”). This may be checked in dry material by putting a small flame gently at some distance underneath the leaf (lower side up, and don’t burn it). When there is wax a quickly spreading discoloration will be seen. This experiment can only be done once.
Kessler PK 320 states that the petals would be white. This is quite exceptional for the genus, where whitish flowers have been reported for S. laxa (Ridl.) Knuth and S. rubrinervis Hallier f., while other collections of this and other species state that they have various shades of red: pink to crimson with nearly blackish tips.
Sarcotheca ochracea Hallier f.
Specimens of this species have been collected in E. Kalimantan, which is a new record for Indonesia. Although quite disjunct with the Sarawak collections at the moment | cannot find any significant differences.
The Kalimantan specimens are: Sidiyasa et al. 1238, N Kutai, Batu Ampar, PT Kiani Lestari, c. 1°N, 117° E, 26 November 1994 (L, WAN); Slik BE4-287, N. Kutai, Berau Distr., 2° 5’ 45” N, 117° 17’ 30” E, 2 May 1997 (E):
The type specimen of this species, Haviland 2343, was collected in Bintulu, Kalong, 1893. The Gazetteer of Sarawak (Mohizah et al/., 2006) mentions only a Kalong from the Sri Aman Div. (former Simanggang or 2nd Div.), far outside the distributional area of the species. I am fairly confident that Haviland knew where he was and that there were two places by that name.
Reference Mohizah, M., S. Julia & W.K. Soh. 2006. 4 Sarawak Gazetteer. ix, 181 pp
+ 13 illus. Sarawak Forestry Department & Forest Research Institute, Malaysia.
Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 60 (1):73-153. 2008 73
Thirty Two New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) from Sulawesi
J.J. VERMEULEN ' AND P. O’BYRNE ”
' National Herbarium Netherlands, Leiden Branch P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands *11 Hume Avenue #06-01, Hume Park 1, Singapore 598723
Abstract
Thirty two new species of Bulbophyllum, all from Sulawesi, are described. Names currently in use for various sections of Bulbophyllum are made junior synonyms to older sectional names that have been ignored so far, partly because their taxonomic content, as appears from the suite of species listed with the original descriptions of these sections, was ambiguous. These sectional names are lectotypified and re-instated.
Introduction
Thirty two new species of Bulbophyllum, all from Sulawesi, are described. In addition, new definitions of some sections of Bulbophyllum are proposed. Averyanov (1994) and Ormerod (2002) have found names prior to those commonly used for several sections of Bulbophyllum. While admitting that name changes are a nuisance to many, we felt it would be appropriate to further pursue this line of investigation in order to install a new set of sectional names that, hopefully, will remain stable because they are based on the oldest names available. The oldest source of sectional names (in the genus Diphyes Bl., = Bulbophyllum, Thou.) is Blume (1825). Often, we were able to choose the taxonomic contents of these names by lectotypification. We have done this in such a way that the number of Blume’s names to disappear into synonymy is minimized, particularly in cases where the taxonomic contents of our newly delimitated sections does not coincide with the contents of the sections as accepted so far. For instance, sect. Polymeres, below, is better not given a name that derives from one of its constituent sections to avoid confusion, because those section names have been accepted and used by consensus since their description by Schlechter (1913).
74 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Most data on the flowering periods of the species described below derive from plants in cultivation.
Bulbophyllum sect. Brachystachyae Benth. & Hook.f. (= genus Cochilia, sect. Globiceps, genus Osyricera, sect. Saurocephalum)
Bulbophyllum sect. Brachystachyae Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 504. — TYPE SPECIES (a lit. reference given only): Bulbophyllum (“Bolbophyllum”’) repens Wall.
Cochlia Bl., Biydr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 320. — Bulbophyllum Sect. Cochlia (BI.) Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 503. — TYPE SPECIES: Cochlia violacea BI. (= B. salaccense Rchb.f.).
Bulbophyllum sect. Cylindracea_ Pfitz. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 6 (1889) 179. — TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum (“Bolbophyllum’’) cylindraceum Lindl.
_ Bulbophyllum sect. Saurocephalum Schltr., Feddes Repert. 10 (1912) 184. — LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Bulbophyllum saurocephalum Schltr.
Bulbophyllum sect. Globiceps Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih., 1 (1913) 875. — TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum globiceps Schltr.
Osyricera Bl., Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 307.— Bulbophyllum Sect. Osyricera (BIL.) J.J. Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Ser. 2, 13 (1914) 35. — TYPE SPECIES: Osyricera crassifolia Bl. (= B. osyricera J.J. Sm.).
Bulbophyllum sect. Diptychanthes sensu Rchb.f. in Bonplandia 5 (1857) 57. — SPECIES MENTIONED: Bulbophyllum salaccense Rchb.f.
Not Diphyes sect. Diptychanthes Bl., Bydr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 311.—TYPE SPECIES: Diphyes mutabilis Bl. [= B. mutabile (Bl.) Lindl., is sect. Stachysanthes; see below].
Bulbophyllum ankylodon J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo pubifloro floribus in seriebus 4 circa rhachidem, labello papilloso abaxialiter callo crasso differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 4713 (holo, SING). Fig. 1.
Roots spreading. Rhizome creeping or shortly straggling, 2.5-4 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs ca 3 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs distant, ovoid, 3.5-4.2 x 1-1.4 cm, distinctly but obtusely 3-angled. Petiole 1-1.4 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 10-12 x 2.6-3.3 cm, index (length/width) 3.6-3.9; acute. Inflorescence patent, a rather dense raceme, 7.5-15.5 cm long, 30-50-flowered. Peduncle 2.5-4 cm, bracts 2 (1 basal),
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 5 hs)
ey yerowr Hr
E atte re j \ a ae <= = 2) (bes ee eee ts = Sa ‘tg
Figure 1. Bulbophyllum ankylodon J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right:
abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 47/3 (spirit sample).
76 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008 §ap
the longest 5-9 mm long. Rhachis thickened, cylindrical, 5.8-11.5 cm long, 2.5-3.2 mm across. Floral bracts 3-4.2 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, spirally arranged in 4 rows, not fully opening, many open simultaneously. Pedicel and ovary ca 1.5 mm long, basal node about flush with the surface of the rhachis. Median sepal approx. porrect, obovate, ca 4 x 2.6 mm, index |.5-1.6; top cucullate, rounded, margins entire, papillose-ciliolate, base rather broadly attached; rather thick, 3-veined, surface adaxially glabrous, abaxially shortly papillose-hirsute. Lateral sepals adnate along the lower margins, basal part recurved, top part incurved, oblique, triangular, ca 4.2 x 2 mm, index ca 2.1, top flat, subacute, base broadly attached; 4-veined, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals recurved, ovate-triangular, ca 3.2 x 0.8 mm, index ca 4; subacute, margins entire, papillose-ciliolate, base broadly attached; rather thick, l1-veined, surface approx. glabrous. Lip slightly curved, general outline subtriangular, ca 2 x 1.3 mm, index 1.5-1.6 (all without artificial spreading, hastate with a drawn out, elliptic midlobe and deltoid, acute sidelobes when spread); rounded, margins entire, coarsely papillose distally; thick; adaxially _ slightly concave near the base, with 2 rounded ridges starting near the margin at about '4 of the length of the lip and then converging and running up almost to the tip of the lip, adaxial surface finely papillose distally; abaxially without a ridge near the base, but with a rounded lump in the distal half, surface approx. glabrous except for the papillose lump. Column ca 1.5 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot with 2 rounded swellings along the margin near its base, and a slight swelling just above the ligament. Stelidia minute, abruptly bent downwards but with an antrorse, approx. acute tip, along the upper margin with a very large (far more conspicuous than the stelidia themselves), antrorse, wedge-shaped wing with a broadly rounded, erose top margin. Anther abaxially with a crest near the base, surface somewhat papillose, front margin drawn out into a triangular, rounded beak, margin coarsely papillose. Pollinia 4, the inner much flattened and about as long as the outer, all ellipsoid-ovoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Vegetative parts green, not suffused with red. Rachis densely mottled pinkish purple. Sepals and petals yellowish, veins and margins purplish red. Lip orange yellow, particularly the adaxial surface stained with purplish red. Column yellow.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in mossy montane forest. Alt. ca 1000 m. Flowering Feb, Jul-Sep.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 77
Notes: Bulbophyllum ankylodon differs from B. pubiflorum by having the flowers in 4 (not 5) rows around the rhachis, and the papillose (not glabrous) lip with a distinct thickening on the abaxial surface.
Bulbophyllum condylochilum J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis fraterno et B. illecebrum /abello distaliter abrupte conspicueque inflato differt. - Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, LEI 20050892 (holo, L). Fig. 2.
Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 2.5-3 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.8-1.2 cm long, bracts barely persistent. Pseudobulbs loosely clustering, |.4-2.3 x ca 0.9 cm, round in section. Petiole 0.7-1.2 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 4.2-5.9 x 1.3-1.8 cm, index (length width) 3.2-3.3; acute. Inflorescence a rather dense raceme, ca 14 cm long, ca 18-flowered. Peduncle erect to patent, ca 10 cm, bracts ca 4, the longest ca 8 mm long. Rhachis nodding at the base, pendulous, not thickened, ca 3.6 cm long. Floral bracts approx. triangular, 2.5-3 x ca 2.5 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, not fully opening, many open simultaneously.
of the rhachis. Median sepal somewhat recurved, approx. elliptic, ca 5.5 x 3.5 mm, index 1.5-1.6; top cucullate, rounded, margins entire, very finely papillose, base narrowly attached, almost unguiculate; rather thin, 3-veined, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals adnate along the lower margins, recurved, top part slightly incurved, oblique, ovate-triangular, ca 5.2 x 2.1 mm, index 2.4-2.5, top flat, acute, base broadly attached; thin but with a callus distally, near the lower margin, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals somewhat recurved, narrowly triangular, ca 4 x 1 mm, index ca 4; acute, margins entire, the lower somewhat erose near the base, base narrowly attached, almost unguiculate; thin, 1-veined, glabrous. Lip almost straight, general outline subspathulate with a slightly widened base, ca 4.5 x 1.9 mm, index 2.3-2.4, rounded, margins entire; proximally thick and distally very thick, rather thick in between, surface glabrous but distally papillose towards the margins on both sides; adaxially concave near the base, with a transverse wall connecting the sides just above the ligament, top part proximally abruptly thickened, with the margins abruptly turned upwards into rounded auricles, and convex; abaxially without a ridge near the base, top part convex and with a rounded median callus. Column ca 1.3 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot with two obtuse, patent lateral teeth near its base, connected by a thick transverse ridge. Stelidia minute, abruptly bent downwards but with an antrorse, approx. acute tip, along the upper margin with a very large (far more conspicuous than the stelidia themselves), antrorse, somewhat obliquely ovate
78
Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 2. Bulbophyllum condylochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5827 (spirit
sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 79
wing with an obtuse top margin. Anther abaxially with a crest near its base, surface approx. glabrous towards the base, papillose towards the tip, front margin drawn out into a long, concave, rounded, papillose beak. Pollinia 4, the inner much flattened and slightly shorter than the outer, ellipsoid; no appendages present.
Colours: Sepals whitish near the base, with thick, blackish purple lines over the veins, entirely blackish purple near the top. Petals whitish near the base, increasingly stained blackish purple towards the top. Lip whitish, margins stained with blackish purple.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in montane forest on steep slopes. Alt. 1200— 1400 m. Flowering Jun, Aug, Sep.
Distribution: (NDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. condylochilum differs from B. fraternum and B. illecebrum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne in the distally abruptly and conspicuously swollen lip. The leaves are also distinctly wider.
Bulbophyllum fraternum J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo illecebrum sepalo mediano glabro, petalis ligulatis abrupte coartantibus prope apicem papillosis differt.—Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5827 (holo, SING). Fig. 3.
Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 2-2.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.6-1.5 cm long, bracts barely persistent. Pseudobulbs slightly distant, ovoid, 2-2.3 x 1.2-1.5 cm, only slightly and obtusely angular. Petiole 0.8-1.2 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 12-13 x 0.8-0.9 cm, index (length/width) 13-17; acute. Inflorescence a rather dense raceme, 5.5-11 cm long, 9-12-flowered. Peduncle erect to patent, 2.5-5.5 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest 5.5-8.5 mm long. Rhachis nodding at the base, pendulous, not thickened, 3-5.5 cm long. Floral bracts approx. triangular, ca 3.3 x 3 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, not fully opening, many open simultaneously. Pedicel and ovary ca 2.5 mm long, basal node approx. flush with the surface of the rhachis. Median sepal somewhat recurved, approx. elliptic, ca 6 x 3.5 mm, index cal.7; top cucullate, rounded, margins entire, approx. glabrous, base rather narrowly attached; rather thin, 3-veined, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals adnate along the lower margins, recurved, top part slightly incurved, oblique, ovate-triangular, ca 6.2 x 1.8 mm, index 3.4-3.5, top flat, subacute, base broadly attached; thin but with a slight callus distally, near the lower
80 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 3. Bulbophyllum fraternum J.J). Verm. & P.O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5828 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 81
margin, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals recurved to spreading, linear with a slightly wider base, ca 4.4 x 0.9 mm, index 4.8-4.9; subacute, margins entire, finely papillose distally, base broadly attached; thin, 1-veined, glabrous but somewhat papillose distally. Lip almost straight, general outline subspathulate with a widened base, ca 5 x 1.7 mm, index 2.9-3, rounded, margins entire; proximally rather thick, distally very thick, glabrous; adaxially concave near the base, with a transverse wall connecting the sides just above the ligament, top part distinctly convex; abaxially without a ridge near the base, top part slightly concave but with a rounded median callus. Column ca 2 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot with two obtuse, patent or slightly retrorse wings near its base. Stelidia minute, abruptly bent downwards but with an antrorse, approx. acute tip, along the upper margin with a very large (far more conspicuous than the stelidia themselves), antrorse, approx. rectangular wing with a truncate, slightly erose top margin. Anther abaxially with a crest near its base, surface approx. glabrous towards the base, papillose-ciliate towards the tip, front margin drawn out into a distinct, concave, triangular, obtuse, papillose beak. Pollinia 4, the inner much flattened and slightly shorter than the outer, ellipsoid; no appendages present.
Colours: Median sepal and petals translucent white with thick purplish red veins. Lateral sepals very pale greenish, with purplish red veins and some staining in the same colour. Lip pale orange, top part suffused with some purplish red. Column white, stained pinkish purple.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in montane forest on steep slopes. Alt. 1100— 1200 m. Flowering Feb-May, Aug, Nov.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. fraternum differs from B. illecebrum in the shape of the petals, being strap-shaped over most of their length, abruptly narrowing and papillose at the tip. In B. illecebrum they are gradually tapering towards the tip and entirely glabrous. B. fraternum also differs in having a glabrous median sepal. Vegetatively, the plant resembles B. centrosemiflorum J.J. Sm. (sect. Hyalosema), from New Guinea, with its swollen, ovoid pseudobulbs and very narrow leaves.
Bulbophyllum kiamfeeanum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo pubifloro sepalis abaxialiter glabris, labello ovato differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 4806 (holo, SING). Fig. 4.
82 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Roots spreading. Rhizome creeping or shortly erect in mature plants, 2-3 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.2-1.8 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs loosely clustering, ovoid, 2.5-3 x 1-1.2 cm, without distinct angles. Petiole 0.2-0.3 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 10-13 x 1.8-2.2 cm, index (length/width) 5.8-5.9; acute. Inflorescence patent, a rather dense raceme, ca 9.2 cm long, 18-flowered. Peduncle ca 4.7 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest ca 4 mm long. Rhachis somewhat nodding, slightly thickened, cylindrical, ca 4.5 cm long, ca 3 mm across. Floral bracts ca 1.6 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, spirally arranged in 4 rows, not fully opening, many open simultaneously. Pedicel and ovary ca 2 mm long, basal node approx. flush with the surface of the rhachis. Median sepal approx. recurved, ovate, ca 4.2 x 2.9 mm, index 1.4-1.5; top cucullate, rounded, margins entire, papillose-ciliolate, base rather broadly attached; rather thin, 3-veined, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals adnate along the lower margins, basal part recurved, top part incurved, oblique, triangular, ca 4.2 x 2 mm, index ca 2.1, top flat, obtuse, base broadly attached; 3-veined, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals recurved, triangular, ca 3.6 _x 0.9 mm, index ca 4; acute, margins entire, papillose-ciliolate, base broadly attached; thin, 1-veined, surface glabrous. Lip straight, general outline ovate, ca 3.2 x 1.5 mm, index ca 2.1 (all without artificial spreading); rounded, margins entire, finely papillose; rather thick, surface glabrous; adaxially slightly concave near the base, convex towards the tip, abaxially without a ridge near the base. Column ca 1.8 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot with 2 slight, rounded swellings along the margin near its base, deeply sunk in between the basal part of the lateral sepals without even the tip protruding. Stelidia minute, abruptly bent downwards but with an antrorse, obtuse tip, along the upper margin with a very large (far more conspicuous than the stelidia themselves), antrorse, rhombic wing with a truncate, slightly erose top margin. Anther abaxially with a crest near the base, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a triangular, rounded beak, margin coarsely papillose. Pollinia 4, the inner much flattened and about as long as the outer, all ellipsoid-ovoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Pseudobulbs olive green, petiole suffused with some red, leaf blade dark green. Peduncle and rhachis densely mottled purplish red. Sepals yellowish, somewhat pale green towards the tip, the median with the veins and the margins purplish red especially in the proximal half, the laterals over their entire length. Petals translucent white with a purplish red midvein and margins. Lip yellow, with some red markings near the base. Column white, stelidia pale green.
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 83
Figure 4. Bulbophyllum kiamfeeanum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byme. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 4806 (spirit sample).
84 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in mossy montane forest. Alt. ca 1450 m. Flowering Oct.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Bulbophyllum kiamfeeanum is most similar to B. pubiflorum but differs by the sepals, which are glabrous abaxially. The lip 1s ovate in general outline (not hastate). Vegetatively it differs from other Sulawesi species of the section with a generally creeping rhizome and similar flowers (B. ankylodon J.J. Verm., B. pubiflorum Schlitr., B. trigonobulbum J.J. Sm.) by having a much shorter rhizome with loosely clustered pseudobulbs.
Named after Mr. Kiam Fee (Paul) Leong at the Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens.
Bulbophyllum molle J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo osyriceroidi pedunculo rhachide circa aequilonga, rhachide _circa 4 mm crassa, petalis truncatis, labello parte apicali recta differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5286 (holo, SING). Fig. 5.
Roots spreading. Rhizome creeping, 3.5-7 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.9-1.8 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs distant, minute, ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.4-0.8 x 0.4-0.8 cm, rounded. Petiole 2.5-6.5 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to obovate, 9.5-21 x 1.9-3 cm, index (length/width) 5-7; obtuse. Inflorescence erect to patent, a lax raceme, 18-28 cm long, 15- 38-flowered. Peduncle 10-15 cm, bracts 3, the longest 6-16 mm long. Rhachis thickened, cylindrical, 8-13 cm long, ca 4 mm across. Floral bracts 3.5-4 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, spirally arranged, not fully opening, several open simultaneously. Pedicel and ovary ca 1.3 mm long, basal node approx. flush with the surface of the rhachis. Median sepal somewhat recurved, ovate, ca 8.2 x 2 mm, index ca 4.1; subacute, margins slightly and finely erose distally, base broadly attached; rather thin but rather thick distally and along the midvein, 3-veined, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals adnate along the lower margins, approx. porrect, oblique, ca 8 x 3.2 mm, index ca 2.5, acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached; rather thin, 3-4-veined, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals recurved, obovate-spathulate, ca 2.2 x 1.8 mm, index cal.2; truncate-rounded, margins finely erose, base narrowly attached; rather thin but thick proximally, 1-veined, surface approx. glabrous. Lip slightly curved about half-way, top part straight, general elliptic-ovate, ca 5.2 x 2 mm, index ca 2.6 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins entire, surface finely papillose distally; thick; adaxially slightly concave near
Nn
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 8
| 4 | c aw ae WY 7 as ‘
L=-=->) Figure 5. Bulbophyllum molle J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepals, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5286 (spirit sample).
86 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
the base, without a median slit, transition to the top part a sharp, narrowly v-shaped fold with the legs starting at the margin at about 4 of the length of the lip, converging and meeting at about '2 of the length of the lip, top part convex; abaxially with a truncate ridge up to about 4 of the length of the lip, median part slightly concave, top part slightly convex because of two flat longitudinal calli meeting over the midvein. Column ca 2 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth. Stelidia 0.9 mm long, truncate and shallowly 3-toothed, with an antrorse, long, slender, triangular, acute tooth along the upper and the lower margin. Anther abaxially with a crest near the base, surface somewhat papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak with a coarsely and irregularly papillose margin. Pollinia 4, the inner much flattened and about half as long as the outer, all ellipsoid- ovoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Rhachis pale green. Sepals very pale greenish with dark purplish red veins and some stains in the same colour. Petals translucent white, midvein _ purplish red, margins almost black. Lip yellowish green, stained purplish red, and blackish purple towards the base. Column very pale greenish.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in mossy montane forest. Alt. ca 1000 m. Flowering Jul.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. molle is similar to B. osyriceroides J.J. Sm., from Sumatra. It differs in having a peduncle about as long as the rhachis (peduncle much shorter than the rhachis in B. osyriceroides), a rhachis of approx. 4 mm thick (2 mm in B. osyriceroides), truncate petals (rounded with an apiculate tip in B. osyriceroides), and a lip without a median slit and with a straight top part (with median slit and with a slightly recurved top part in B. osyriceroides).
Bulbophyllum sect. Epicranthes (Bl.) Hook.f.
Epicranthes Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 307. — Bulbophyllum sect. “Epicrianthes” (Bl.) Hook. F.,; FI. Brit: India 5 (1890) 753; Bulbophyllum subg. “Epicrianthes” (Bl.) Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 705. - TYPE SPECIES: Epicranthes javanica BI. [Bulbophyllum epicrianthes (Bl\.) Hook.f. ].
Assuming that the name Epicranthes is derived from the Greek ‘epikron’,
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 87
sailyard, which is likely to refer to the vegetative shape of the type species and many others (a hanging rhizome with patent leaves in two rows), there is no reason to accept the later modification into ‘Epicrianthes’.
Most species of section Epicranthes are rare plants, and appear to occur very locally. They are known from a single or a few collections only. Next to this, the distinguishing characters of many species would be considered of minor importance in other sections of the genus. B. spodotriche and B. xanthomelanon, described below, certainly fall within this category. For the time being, we continue to apply a narrow species concept in this section, because so far it appears the most accurate description of morphological patterns that we observe in this section.
Bulbophyllum brachytriche J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo vesiculoso sepalis angustioribus, labello rotundato, vesiculis multo minoribus differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5052 (holo, SING). Fig. 6.
Roots most produced close to the base of the rhizome. Rhizome hanging, ca 13 cm long, 1.2-2 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.5-2.5 cm long, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ovoid to almost cylindrical, 1-1.5 x 0.25-0.4 cm. Petiole 0.2-0.3 cm long. Leaf blade ovate, 4.5-6 x 1.5-2.4 cm, index (length/width) 2.3-3; acute to acuminate. Inflorescence ca 1.5 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle porrect, 0.4-0.5 cm, bracts 3, the longest ca 4 mm long. Floral bracts tubular at the base, ca 3.5 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 7,5 mm long, basal node on a ca 2.5 mm-long stump. Median sepal spreading, ovate, ca 9.5 x 2.5 mm, index ca 3.8; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals ca 9.5 x 2.7 mm, index ca 3.5; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, approx. lyriform, ca | x 1.5 mm excluding appendages, index 0.6-0.7; margins with 7 appendages more or less regularly spaced along the front margin, base broadly attached; thin, glabrous; appendages ovate, 1-1.3 x 0.2-0.25 mm, gradually narrowing into a stalk of 0.5-0.8 mm, obtuse, fleshy, finely papillose. Lip slightly recurved near the base, elliptic-ovate but constricted half-way, ca 2 x 1 mm, index ca 2 (all without artificial spreading); rounded, margins entire; thick; adaxially deeply concave proximally and with two distinct, rounded ridges starting at the base and running parallel, close together up to % of the length of the lip, slightly over half way along the lip they are clasped between the margins which converge over the adaxial surface of the lip and almost meet the ridges, surface convex distally, glabrous; abaxially with a wide, retuse ridge up to about half-way along the lip, surface coarsely papillose to vesiculate distally along the sides, leaving a glabrous strip in the middle.
88 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 6. Bulbophyllum brachytriche J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Appendage of petal; E. Lip, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side; F. Column and lip, lateral view; G. Anther, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side; H. Pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5052 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 89
Column ca 1.7 mm long, stigma triangular, without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth near the tip. Stelidia porrect, triangular, ca 0.5 mm long, acute, with an erose upper margin, with a distinct, deltoid, subacute tooth along the lower margin, and a minute tooth in front of this. Anther abaxially with a distinct, papillose crest, surface otherwise finely papillose, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak with approx. entire margins. Pollinia 2, ellipsoid, with a short, fleshy appendage.
Colour: Leaves suffused with purple. Sepals pale creamy yellow with numerous red dots. Petals creamy white, appendages greyish green. Lip white, dark red at the tip.
Habitat & ecology: _Epiphyte in montane forest, on branches of medium- sized trees. Ait. ca 1200-1400 m. Flowering Feb-May, Jul.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Bulbophyllum vesiculosum J.J. Sm. also has petal appendages of about 1 mm long. It differs from B. brachytriche in having an acute lip with much larger vesicles, and in having wider sepals (index 1.4-2). Sterile specimens can be recognized by the pale purplish leaves, which are thinner than usual in this section.
Bulbophyllum spodotriche J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis chlororhopalon et B. decatriche ac B. psilorhopalon appendicibus in petalis in fasciculis duobus ordinatis, inter fasciculos sine appendice minuta differt.— Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 493] (holo, SING). Fig. 7.
Roots most produced close to the base of the rhizome. Rhizome hanging, ca 14 cm long, 2-2.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.2-2 cm long, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ovoid to ellipsoid, 0.8-1.8 x 0.4- width) 2.3-3.5; obtuse to acute. Inflorescence ca 2 cm long, 1|-flowered. Peduncle porrect, ca 0.8 cm, bracts 3, the longest ca 4 mm long. Floral bracts tubular at the base, ca 4 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 8,5 mm long, basal node on a ca 3.5 mm-long stump. Median sepal spreading, elliptic-ovate, ca 10 x 4.5 mm, index 2.2-2.3; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals as the median sepal. Petals porrect, approx. lyriform, ca | x 3 mm excluding appendages, index 0.3-0.4; margins with 11 appendages arranged in two dense clusters
90 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 7. Bulbophyllum spodotriche J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Appendage of petal; E. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; F. Column and lip, lateral view; G. Anther, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side; H. Pollinia, left: a pair, right: a single. All from SBG-O 493] (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 9]
each at one end of the front margin, base broadly attached; thin, glabrous; appendages ovate-triangular, 5-8.5 x 0.3-0.4 mm, abruptly narrowing into a stalk of 0.4-0.7 mm, gradually narrowing towards an acute tip, fleshy but flat, very finely papillose. Lip hardly recurved, elliptic-ovate, ca 3 x 1.8 mm, index 1|.6-1.7 (all without artificial spreading); rounded, margins entire; thick; adaxially deeply concave proximally and with two distinct, rounded ridges starting at the base and running parallel, close together over most of the length of the lip, about half way along the lip they are clasped between the margins which converge over the adaxial surface of the lip, almost meet the ridges and then spread out again, adaxial surface convex distally, glabrous: abaxially with a wide, retuse ridge up to about half-way along the lip, surface coarsely vesiculate along the sides, leaving a narrow glabrous strip in the middle. Column ca 2.1 mm long, stigma obovate, without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth near the tip. Stelidia porrect, triangular, ca 0.6 mm long, acute, with a denticulate upper margin, with a distinct, deltoid, subacute tooth which has the front margin folded inwards along the lower margin, and a minute tooth in front of this. Anther abaxially with a distinct crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak with erose margins. Pollinia 2, ellipsoid, with a short, fleshy appendage.
Colour: Leaves dark green, slightly suffused with purple. Sepals yellowish, densely spotted and suffused with ochrish red. Petals yellow, appendages ash-grey near the base, white towards the tip. Lip white near the base, dark red towards the tip. Column yellow, spotted pale red.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in montane forest. Alt. ca 1000 m. Flowering Feb, Mar, Jul-Sep, Dec.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Similar to B. chlororhopalon Schitr., B. decatriche J.J. Verm., and B. psilorhopalon Schitr., but different in having the appendages on the petals arranged in two clusters; the species mentioned have the appendages either more or less regularly spaced along the front margin of the petal, or at least | appendage in between the clusters.
Bulbophyllum stenomeris J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo epicrianthes /abello loriformi apice obtuso petalorum appendicibus breviore differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5220 (holo, SING). Fig. 8.
92 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Roots most produced close to the base of the rhizome. Rhizome hanging, ca 20 cm long, ca 3 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.5-2.5 cm long, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ovoid, 1-1.4 x 0.6-0.9 cm. Petiole 0.1-0.3 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 3-4 x 1.8-2.3 cm, index (length/ width) 1.6-1.8; obtuse. Inflorescence ca 1.5 cm long, |-flowered. Peduncle porrect, ca 0.3 cm, bracts (not seen). Floral bracts tubular at the base, ca 3.6 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 7 mm long, basal node on a ca 3.2 mm-long stump. Median sepal spreading, ovate, ca 9 x 3 mm, index ca 3; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals as the median sepal. Petals porrect, approx. lyriform, ca | x 2 mm excluding appendages, index ca 0.5; with 5 appendages more or less regularly spaced along the front margin, base broadly attached; thin, glabrous; appendages linear, 3.5-5 x 0.3-0.5 mm, abruptly narrowing into a stalk of 0.5-1 mm, slightly narrowing towards an obtuse tip, fleshy, very finely papillose-hirsute. Lip hardly recurved, ovate, ca 5 x 0.9 mm, index 5.5-5.6 (all without artificial spreading); obtuse, margins entire; thick; adaxially deeply _ concave proximally and with two distinct, rounded ridges starting at the base, immediately converging and then running parallel, close together up to 4-'A of the length of the lip, half-way along their length they are clasped between the margins which converge over the adaxial surface of the lip and then fuse to them, surface convex distally, very finely papillose; abaxially with a wide, retuse ridge up to 4-’4 of the length of the lip, surface glabrous but with a patch of coarse papillae towards the side at about 4 of the length of the lip, leaving a glabrous strip in the middle. Column ca 2 mm long, stigma slitlike, without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth near the tip. Stelidia porrect, deltoid, ca 0.4 mm long, acute, with a denticulate upper margin, with a distinct, deltoid, subacute tooth which has the front margin folded inwards along the lower margin, and a minute tooth in front of this. Anther abaxially with a distinct, papillose crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a retuse, papillose beak with entire margins. Pollinia 4, all drop- shaped, the inner about half as long as the outer, without appendage.
Colour: Leaves medium green, not suffused with purple. Sepals pale yellow, with large, dark red spots near the base, smaller spots towards the tip and the margins. Petals pale yellow, appendages dull brownish red. Lip dark red. Column yellowish, stained with pale red.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in remnant of dry, low forest on serpentinite soil. Alt. 100- 400 m. Flowering Feb, Mar.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 93
Figure 8. Bulbophyllum stenomeris J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Appendage of petal; E. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; F. Column and lip, lateral view; G. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; H. Pollinia, left: a pair, right: a single. All from SBG-O 5220 (spirit sample).
94 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Notes: The only other species of sect. Epicranthes with a narrow, almost glabrous top part of the lip is B. epicrianthes Hook.f. In this species, however, the top part of the lip is ovate and acute, and the lip is relatively larger (about twice as long as the petal appendages).
Bulbophyllum xanthomelanon J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo flavofimbriato stelidiis elongatioribus ala deltoidea acuta inferne secus marginem inferiorem, antice dente minuto differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5810 (holo, SING). Fig. 9.
Roots most produced close to the base of the rhizome. Rhizome hanging, ca 35 cm long, 2.5-3 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1-2.2 cm long, bracts persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ellipsoid to obovoid, 1-1.5 x 0.5-
index (length/width) 1.8-2.3; acute. Inflorescence ca 2 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle porrect, 0.35-0.6 cm, bracts 3, the longest ca 5 mm long. Floral _ bracts tubular at the base, 3-3.8 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary 9-9.5 mm long, basal node on a 3-4 mm-long stump. Median sepal spreading, ovate, ca 8 x 4.5 mm, index 1.7-1.8; acuminate, margins entire, base broadly attached; thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals as the median sepal. Petals porrect, approx. lyriform, ca 1.5 x 2 mm excluding appendages, index 0.7-0.8; margins with 6 appendages more or less regularly spaced along the front margin, base broadly attached; thin, glabrous; appendages ovate, |.3-3.8 x 0.3-0.35 mm, gradually narrowing into a stalk of 0.3-0.8 mm, obtuse, fleshy, finely papillose. Lip hardly recurved, ovate, ca 2.7 x 1.7 mm, index 1.5-1.6 (all without artificial spreading); subacute, margins entire; thick; adaxially slightly concave proximally and with two distinct, rounded ridges starting at the base, and running parallel, close together up to ca half way the length of the lip, there they are fused to the margins which converge over the adaxial surface of the lip and then run parallel over another 3 of the length of the lip, surface convex distally, glabrous; abaxially with a wide, retuse ridge near the base, surface coarsely papillose or vesiculate except for a glabrous strip around the midvein. Column ca 2.5 mm long, stigma obovate, without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth near the tip. Stelidia porrect, triangular, ca 0.6 mm long, subacute, with a denticulate upper margin, with a distinct, deltoid, subacute tooth along the lower margin, and a minute tooth in front of this. Anther abaxially with a distinct crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a retuse beak with denticulate margins. Pollinia 4, all drop-shaped, the inner about half as long as the outer, without appendage.
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae)
Figure 9. Bulbophyllum xanthomelanon J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 4902 (spirit sample).
96 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Colour: Leaves green, suffused with some red. Sepals yellow. Petals whitish yellow, slightly suffused with pink; appendages blackish. Lip and tip column blackish red.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in montane forest. Alt. ca 1200 m. Flowering all year round.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. xanthomelanon is most similar to B. flavofimbriatum J.J. Sm. It differs in having more elongated stelidia, with a deltoid, acute wing along the lower margin that is positioned further away from their tip. In front of this wing a second, minute tooth is present, lacking in B. flavofimbriatum.
Bulbophyllum sect. Hybochilus Schltr.
Bulbophyllum sect. Hybochilus Schltr., Feddes Repert. 10 (1912) 96; Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beth. 1 (1913) 823.—TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum masarangicum Schltr.
As Schlechter (1913) says, this section differs only from sect. Monanthes (= sect. Polyblepharon, see below) in having free, not fused, lateral sepals.
Bulbophyllum acutilobum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis decurrentilobo et B. depresso petalis rotundatis, labelli lobis lateralibus acutis differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 4912 (holo, SING). Fig. 10.
Roots below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 0.8-1 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.3-0.5 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs spaced, ovoid, 0.3-0.5 x 0.3-0.4 cm. Petiole up to 0.1 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, ca 1.8 x 0.5-0.6 cm, index (length/width) 3-3.6; acuminate. Inflorescence ca | cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 0.45 cm, bracts ca 2, the longest ca 1.7 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 2 mm, acuminate. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 1.2 mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Median sepal recurved, triangular, ca 4 x 1.5 mm, index 2.6-2.7; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thick, thickened towards the tip, glabrous. Lateral sepals free, oblique, ca 4 x 1.9 mm, index ca 2.1; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic- obovate, ca 1.3 x 0.5 mm, index ca 2.6; rounded, margins erose distally,
\
a Oe 7A
Flower analysis, from left to nght: median sepal, petal, latera side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view abaxial side: G. Pollinia, left: two pairs, nght: a singl sample).
98 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
base broadly attached; thin, surface glabrous. Lip recurved about half way, general outline approx. ovate, ca 1.9 x 0.9 mm, index ca 2.1 (all without artificial spreading), margins entire; glabrous, three-lobed; midlobe approx. ovate, slightly widened near the tip, truncate-rounded, thick; adaxially with a distinct, retrorse, longitudinal, erect, triangular, obtuse tooth near the base, surface towards the tip slightly convex; abaxially without a median ridge near the base; sidelobes attached along the basal 2/5 of the length of the lip, antrorse, oblique, obovate, acute, thin. Column ca 0.8 mm long, stigma approx. circular, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot without teeth. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.4 mm long, obtuse. Anther abaxially with a distinct, rounded crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out into a triangular beak. Pollinia 4, the inner slightly more than half as long as the outer; obovoid, flattened, the outer obovoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Sepals whitish near the base, pale red with darker red veins up to half-way their length, yellowish green towards the tip. Petals translucent white with a red midvein. Lip purplish red.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an epiphyte in riverine forest. Alt. ca 1000 m. Flowering Apr-Jun, Sep.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Bulbophyllum decurrentilobum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, and B. depressum King and Pantling, are most similar. Both, however, have acute or acuminate petals and rounded lateral lobes on the lip.
Bulbophyllum auritum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo masarangico /abello lobis lateralibus nonnihil antrorsis, lobi mediani in parte distali sine carina differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5740 (holo, SING). Fig. 11.
Roots below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 1-1.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.4-0.7 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ovoid, 0.4-0.7 x 0.4-0.6 cm. Petiole up to 0.5 cm long. Leaf blade ovate, 0.7-0.8 x 0.6-0.7 cm, index (length/width) 1.1-1.3; acute. Inflorescence 0.8-1 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, 0.4-0.5 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest ca 1.5 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 1 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca | mm long, basal node coinciding with the bract attachment. Median sepal recurved, ovate, ca 3.2 x 1.3 mm, index 1.7-1.8; acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached;
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 99
Figure 11. Bu/bophyllum auritum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, left: a single pair, right: two pairs. All from SBG-O 5740 (spirit sample).
100 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
rather thick, thickened towards the tip, glabrous. Lateral sepals free, oblique, ca 3.3 x 1.5 mm, index ca 2.2; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, obovate, ca 1.2 x 0.7 mm, index ca 1.7; shortly acuminate, margins erose distally, base rather broadly attached; thin, surface glabrous. Lip slightly recurved, general outline elliptic with a long drawn-out top part, ca 2.4 x 0.7 mm, index ca 3.4 (all without artificial spreading; when spread subhastate), three-lobed; midlobe approx. linear, slightly widened towards the tip, rounded, margins entire; thick; adaxially with a distinct, longitudinal, erect, subtriangular, obtuse tooth near the base, surface elsewhere slightly convex, very finely papillose locally, abaxially without a median ridge near the base, surface approx. glabrous; sidelobes attached along the basal 2/5 of the length of the lip, antrorse, oblique, ovate, rounded, front margin somewhat erose; thin, surface glabrous. Column ca 0.7 mm long, stigma elliptic, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot with a distinct, rounded swelling just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.4 mm long, obtuse, with a very distinct, antrorse, semi-elliptic tooth protruding beyond the tip of the stelidia
_ along the lower margin. Anther abaxially with a distinct, broadly rounded crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a triangular beak. Pollinia 4, the inner ca half as long as the outer; obovoid, flattened, the outer ellipsoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Sepals yellowish towards the base, yellow towards the tip, in between with a large purplish red patch around the midvein; midvein itself a darker purplish red. Petals translucent white, midvein and top purplish red. Lip blackish purple.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an epiphyte in isolated trees on a wind-swept plateau. Alt. ca 1700 m. Flowering Apr.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen). Notes: Bulbophlylum masarangicum Schitr. is most similar to the new species,
but has a lip with a distinct median ridge over the top part of the midlobe, and semi-elliptic, well-rounded sidelobes.
Bulbophyllum sect. Intervallatae Ridl.
Bulbophyllum sect. Intervallatae Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 31 (1896) 276. — LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum tardeflorens Ridl. (= B. attenuatum Rolfe).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 10]
The two new species described below fit best into sect. /ntervallatae because of their distichous inflorescence with flowers opening in succession. They are most similar to a small number of species traditionally included in a separate section, sect. Hymenobractea, a section to be merged with sect. /ntervallatae (de Witte, in prep.).
The flower structure and the lip shape of both species are reminiscent of S. American species such as B. micropetalum Barb. Rodr., and B. regnellii Rchb.f. However, a close phylogenetic relationship between the Sulawesi and the S. American species is unlikely.
Bulbophyllum allotrion J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
Bulbophyllum allotrion J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne, inter congeneres asiaticos euronotos inflorescentia laxissima necnon labello hastato singularis. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5072 (holo, SING). Fig. 12.
Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 2-3 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.3-0.8 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs close together, ovate, 1.5-2.8 x 0.7-1 cm, without angles. Petiole 1.5-2.7 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 7-13 x 1.8-2.5 cm, index (length, width) 3-6.9; acute. Inflorescence patent, a very lax raceme, 23-50 cm long, up to 15-flowered. Peduncle 21.5-30 cm, bracts 6-7, the longest 5-8 mm long. Rhachis not thickened, up to ca 20 cm long. Floral bracts 4—7 mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, distichous, fully opening, 1-2 at the time. Pedicel and ovary 12—17 mm long, basal node on a ca 3 mm long stump; basal half of the stump fused to the rhachis, top half sticking out perpendicularly. Median sepal recurved, subtriangular, ca 8 x 5.5 mm, index 1.4-1.5; acute-acuminate, margins entire, base narrowly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lateral sepals oblique, ovate-triangular, ca 12 x 4.5 mm, index 2.6-2.7, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals aaprox. porrect, triangular with a distinctly widened base, ca 4.8 x 4.2 mm, index 1.1-1.2; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lip slightly recurved about half-way, general outline approx. hastate, ca 7.5 x 3.4 mm, index ca 2.2—2.4 (all without artificial spreading); acute, margins entire; locally slightly and finely papillose; 3-lobed; midlobe approx. ovate, thick, adaxially slightly concave proximally, with a rounded, not sharply delineated callus about half-way along the length of the lip, slightly convex distally; abaxially with a wide, truncate ridge up to about 4 of the length of the lip, distally slightly concave; lateral lobes attached to the middle 4 of the length of the lip, antrorse, approx. seam- like, gradually widening in the back, obtuse to subacute in front, rather thick. Column ca 2.4 mm long, stigma elliptic, with 2 keels inside, without a tooth
102 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 12. Bulbophyllum allotrion J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Column with anther and hamulus; G. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; H. Pollinia, left: two pairs with appendage, right: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5072 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 103
at its base, column foot elongated, without teeth near its tip. Stelidia ca | mm long, triangular, acute, with a rather inconspicuous, deltoid, rounded to obtuse wing along the lower margin. Anther abaxially with a high, triangular, dorsoventrally flattened crest largely overtopping the front margin near the tip and an obtuse ridge near the base, surface slightly papillose, front margin not drawn out. Pollinia 4, the inner about as long as the outer, all ellipsoid- ovoid; a long fleshy appendage present, fitting in between the wings along the lower margin of the stelidia.
Colour: Plant medium green. Sepals and petals yellowish green with dark red veins. Lip: basal part, including lateral lobes, pale greenish, locally suffused with some pale red; top part yellow. Column yellowish green. Anther yellow.
Habitat & ecology: Understory epiphyte (sometimes on thickly moss-clad tree trunks near the forest floor) in mossy montane forest. Alt.1200- 1400 m. Flowering Sep-Nov.
Distribution: I(NDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Uniquely identified among SE Asiatic Bulbophyllum by its very lax inflorescence combined with the hastate lip.
Bulbophyllum cymbidioides J.J. Verm. & P. O° Bye, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo allotrion /abelli lobis lateralibus non antrorsis, antherae operculo sine crista differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, Southwest part, SBG-O 5028 (holo, SING). Fig. 13.
Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 1.2-1.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.3-0.6 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs close together, ovate, 1.1-2.5 x 0.6-0.9 cm, without angles. Petiole 0.5-1.4 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 2.9-8.2 x 0.8-1.2 cm, index (length/width) 3.6-7.5; acute. Inflorescence patent, a very lax raceme, 7-18 cm long, up to 4-flowered. Peduncle 5.7-11 cm, bracts 4-5, the longest 3.5-4.5 mm long. Rhachis not thickened, up to ca 5.7 cm long. Floral bracts ca 4mm, acute. Flowers not resupinate, distichous, fully opening, 1-2 at the time. Pedicel and ovary 12-14 mm long, basal node on a ca 5 mm long stump; basal half of the stump fused to the rhachis, top half sticking out obliquely. Median sepal recurved, subtriangular, ca 9.5 x 6.5 mm, index 1.4-1.5; acuminate, margins entire, base narrowly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lateral sepals oblique, ovate-triangular, ca 12 x 7 mm, index ca 1.7, otherwise as the median
104 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
-- ———
--. om
SQs.------~
(ieee ee
Figure 13. Bulbophyllum cymbidioides J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, left: a single pair, right: two pairs, with appendage. — All from SBG-O 5028 (spirit sample).
n
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 10
sepal. Petals approx. porrect, obliquely deltoid with a somewhat widened base, ca 5 x 6.2 mm, index ca 0.8; subacute, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lip recurved, general outline ovate, ca 7.2 x 4 mm, index ca 1.8 (all without artificial spreading); obtuse, margins entire; glabrous; 3-lobed; midlobe approx. ovate, rather thick, adaxially concave proximally, with a transverse, antrorse deltoid, obtuse, thick median tooth near the base, slightly convex distally; abaxially with a wide, truncate ridge up to about 4 of the length of the lip, distally slightly concave; lateral lobes attached to the proximal of the length of the lip, semi-circular. Column ca 3 mm long, stigma ovate, with 2 keels inside, without a tooth at its base, column foot elongated, widened but without teeth near its tip. Stelidia ca 1 mm long, triangular, acute, with a rather inconspicuous, deltoid, rounded to obtuse wing along the lower margin. Anther abaxially virtually without a crest, surface glabrous, front margin not drawn out. Pollinia 4, the inner slightly shorter than the outer and distinctly flattened; a long fleshy appendage present, fitting in between the wings along the lower margin of the stelidia.
Colour: Median sepal translucent greenish, veins dull red, margins white. Lateral sepals whitish, greenish at the tip, with some dull red markings following the veins near the base. Lip: top part white, lateral lobes greenish, basal half spotted purple along the midvein and near its base
Habitat & ecology: Remnants of very wet, low and open montane woodland. Understory epiphyte on bushes, but also in the crowns of emergent trees. Alt. 1600-2200 m. Flowering Jan-Apr, Oct.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, southwest part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Differs from B. allotrion in the not-antrorse sidelobes of the lip, and the lack of a crest on the anther cap.
Bulbophyllum sect. Leopardinae Benth. & Hook.f.
Bulbophyllum sect. Leopardinae Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1883) 503. — TYPE SPECIES (a lit. reference given only): Dendrobium leopardinum Wall. [= Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl.]
Bulbophyllumsect. Beccarianae Pfitz. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 6 (1889) 179. -TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum (“Bolbophyllum’) beccarii Rchb.f.
106 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Bulbophyllum sect. Pahudia Schltr., Feddes Repert. 10 (1911) 93; Garay, Hamer & Siegerist, Nord. J. Bot. 14 (1994) 630. - LECTOTYPE SPECIES (designated by Garay, Hamer & Siegerist): Cirrhopetalum pahudii De Vriese [= B. pahudii (De Vriese) Rchb.f. ].
Bulbophyllum sect. Pahudiella Garay, Hamer & Siegerist, Nord. J. Bot. 14 (1994) 629. — TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum subumbellatum Rid.
Here, sect. Leopardinae is segregated from sect. Sestochilus (Breda) Benth. & Hook.f., and sect. Stenochilus J.J. Sm., to accommodate a series of species which have the node between the peduncle and the pedicel more or less coinciding with its bract, or have the distance between this node and its bract not exceeding 1.5 times the diameter of the pedicel at its base. In sect. Sestochilus as well as sect. Stenochilus the distance between the node and its bract equals or exceeds 2 times the diameter of the pedicel at its base. A selection of species included in sect. Leopardinae can be found 1n Vermeulen (1991), under sect. Sestochilus, but with the exclusion of the following: B. apheles J.J. Verm., _B. dearei Rchb.f., B. /obbii Lindl. (all sect. Sestochilus), and B. cheiri Lindl., B. macranthum Lindl., and B. patens King (all sect. Stenochilus). A revision including the three sections mentioned is in preparation.
Among our Sulawesi material is one new species of sect. Leopardinae:
Bulbophyllum deviantiae J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis incisilabro et B. rugoso /abelli parte apicali distincte papillosa, et a B. maculoso ovario jugis lateralibus distincte sinuosis differt.— Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5057 (holo, SING). Fig. 14.
Roots mainly below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome 2-2.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.8-1.2 cm long, bract fibres hardly persistent. Pseudobulbs loosely clustered, ovoid to almost cylindrical, 1-2.1 x 0.4-0.7 cm. Petiole 0.2-2.2 cm. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 4.5-8.6 x 1-1.4 cm, index (length/width) 3.7-6.6; acute. Inflorescence erect to patent, ca 4 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle ca | cm, bracts ca 2, the longest 6-7 mm long. Floral bracts elliptic to ovate, ca 9 x 6 mm, acute. Flowers resupinate, opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 30 mm long, basal node approx. coinciding with the attachment of the floral bract; ovary ribs with the crests sharply angular, all distinctly sinuous near the flower except the rib opposing the median sepal. Sepal recurved to spreading, elliptic-ovate, ca 18 x 7.5 mm, index 2.2-2.3; subacute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached; rather thick; glabrous. Lateral sepals free, ovate-triangular, ca 18 x 8 mm, index 2.2-2.3,
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 107
==22n
c
Figure 14. Bulbophyllum deviantiae J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Bye. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side. All from SBG-O 5057 (spirit sample).
108 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
acute; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals spreading with incurved tips, ovate-oblong, ca 18 x 4 mm, index ca 4.5; subacute, margins slightly erose distally, base broadly attached; rather thick, glabrous. Lip recurved towards the base and towards the tip, ovate-oblong, ca 6.5 x 5 mm, index ca 1.3 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins entire proximally, from about 4 of the length of the lip increasingly erose, thick; adaxially with a distinct median furrow over its entire length, concave and glabrous towards the base except for a irregularly verrucate strip bordering the median furrow, convex and coarsely and distinctly verrucate towards the tip; abaxially with a retuse median ridge over most of its length, surface glabrous except for a finely papillose patch in the centre. Column 3 mm long, stigma inside with 3 keels, at its base without teeth, column foot not widened at the tip. Stelidia inconspicuous, deltoid, ca 0.05 mm, rounded, with a distinct, patent, recurved , Strap-shaped, obliquely truncate tooth along the lower margin, near the top of the column. Anther abaxially colliculate and with a rounded crest; front margin somewhat papillose. Pollinia (not seen).
Colours: Young leaves with numerous small red spots. Sepals and petals yellow the sepals densely spotted and stained with brownish red, the petals less densely so. Lip orange yellow, adaxially bright red towards the tip. Column yellow, stained with some red.
Habitat & ecology: Understory epiphyte in montane forest. Alt.1200-1400 m. Flowering Jan-May, Aug, Sep.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: This is part of a small group of species around B. membranifolium Hook.f.; it shares the spreading (not fused or at least contiguous) lateral sepals with B. incisilabrum J.J. Verm. & P O'Byrne, B. rugosum Ridl., and a taxon of doubtful status known as B. maculosum Ames. It differs from the first two in having a distinctly papillose top part of the lip, from the latter in having distinctly sinuous lateral juga on the ovary. The plants that we have seen of B. deviantiae are smaller than any other of the species mentioned. Named after Devianti, daughter of Tampang, Rantepao, Sulawesi.
Bulbophyllum sect. Macrocaulia (Bl.) Aver. (= sect. Monilibulbus)
Diphyes sect. Macrocaulia Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 318.— Bulbophyllum
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 109
sect. Macrocaulia (Bl.) Aver., Identification Guide to Vietnamese Orchids (1994) 279. - LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Diphyes ovalifolia B\. [Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (B1.) Lindl.].
Diphyes sect. Diasperia Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 317. -LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Diphyes cernua BI. [= B. cernuum (B1.) Lindl.].
Bulbophyllum sect. Odoardiana Pfitz. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.., ed. 2, 6 (1889) 179. — TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum odoardii Rchb.f. & Pfitz.
Bulbophyllum sect. Monilibulbus J.J. Sm., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg. Ser. 2, 13 (1914) 33. - LECTOTYPE SPECIES: Diphyes inaequalis BI. [Bulbophyllum inaequale (Bl.) Lindl.].
Bulbophyllum torajarum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis catenario ef B. carunculilabrum /Jabelli forma sine explicatione artificiali: ad apicem gradatim coarctatus sine constrictione distincta pare ubi margines convenent supra paginam abaxialem, sepalo mediano triangulari differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, SBG-O 3205 (holo, SING). Fig. 15.
Roots below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 0.8-1 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.4-0.7 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs ovoid, basal half prostrate on and fused to the rhizome, so that the new pseudobulbs arise c. half-way up the old, 0.5-0.7 x 0.2-0.4 cm. Petiole 3-4 mm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 0.8-1.5 x 0.25-0.7 cm, index (length/width) 2.1- 3.7; obtuse. Inflorescence 3-4 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle erect to patent, 1.8-2.8 cm, bracts 2, the longest ca 1.8 mm long. Floral bracts tubular, 1.2-1.8 mm, acute. Flowers fully opening. Pedicel and ovary 6-8 mm long, basal node on a 0.8—1 mm-long stump. Median sepal approx. porrect or somewhat recurved, triangular, ca 4.5 x 1.4 mm, index ca 3.2; acute-acuminate, margins entire, finely papillose-ciliolate, base widely attached: rather thin, adaxially glabrous, abaxially with papillose-ciliolate veins. Lateral sepals recurved, free, oblique, approx. elliptic, ca 6.7 x 3.1 mm, index 2.1-2.2; acute; rather thick, otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic-obovate, ca 1.7 x 0.9 mm, index 1.8-1.9; subacute, margins entire, base rather narrowly attached; thin, glabrous. Lip recurved near the base, ovate in general outline with the margins folded back over the abaxial side and touching one another, ca 3 x 1.8 mm, index 1.6-1.7 (all without artificial spreading), slightly truncated, margins somewhat erose; thick; adaxially concave near the base, with 2 short ridges starting near the margins at about 4 of the length of the lip, converging and continuing up to about 2 the length of the lip, their distal end
110 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
ay
Figure 15. Bulbophyllum torajaraum J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from SBG-O 3205 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 111
clasping a small, rounded callus, lip surface convex towards the tip and with large, conical verrucae, abaxially with a rounded median ridge near the base, surface glabrous. Column ca 1.2 mm long, stigma without a tooth at its base, column foot without teeth. Stelidia narrowly triangular-subulate, ca 0.9 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a widely rounded crest, surface papillose, front margin not drawn out. Pollinia 4, the inner ca % as long as as the outer, flattened, all ellipsoid-ovoid; no appendages present.
Colour: Median sepal translucent yellowish with orange veins. Lateral sepals orange towards the base, yellow towards the tip. Petals yellow with a darker midvein. Lip orange red towards the base, orange towards the tip.
Habitat & ecology: Understorey epiphyte in montane forest, at 2000-2500 m alt. Flowering Mar-May, Jul-Nov.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: In the general flower shape B. torajarum is most similar to B. catenarium Ridl. and B. carunculaelabrum Carr. All three have a lip that, when spread out, widens abruptly at 4 —'% of its length. The margins are folded backwards and meeting over the adaxial surface. B. torajarum differs from the other two in the shape of the lip without spreading: it narrows gradually towards the tip, without a distinct constriction at the level where the margins meet over the abaxial surface, as in the other two. It furthermore differs from both in having a triangular (not an elliptic) median sepal.
Bulbophyllum sect. Minutissima Pfitz. (= sect. Nematorhizis)
Bulbophyllumsect. Minutissima Pfitz. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., ed. 2, 6 (1889) 180. — TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum (“Bolbophyllum’) minutissimum V. Muell.
Bulbophyllum sect. Nematorhizis Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 701 & 790. - LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Bulbophyllum nematorhizis Schltr.
Bulbophyllum insipidum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo perpusillo foliis 3.2—4.8 cm longis a B. keekee labello ad apicem sine callo minuto differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 4804 (holo, SING). Fig. 16.
2 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Roots along the entire rhizome. Rhizome creeping, 2-2.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.3-0.5 cm long, bracts little persistent. Pseudobulbs close together, ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.7-1.2 x 0.4-0.7 cm. Petiole 0.4-0.8 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 3.2-4.8 x 0.6-1.1 cm, index (length/width) 3.6-5.3; acute. Inflorescence 2.2-3.5 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, 1.5-1.7 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest ca 3.5 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 3 mm, acute. Flowers hardly opening. Pedicel and ovary 13-14 mm long, basal node on a ca 1 mm long stump. Median sepal porrect, ovate, ca 2.7 x 1.5 mm, index ca 1.8; subacute, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals free, oblique, ovate-triangular, ca 2.7 x 2.7 mm, index ca 1; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic, ca 2 x 0.6 mm, index ca 3.3-3.4; obtuse, margins entire; base rather broadly attached; thin, surface approx. glabrous. Lip strongly recurved about half-way, general outline obovate-subhastate, ca 2 x 1.2 mm, index 1.6-1.7 (all without artificial spreading), obtuse, margins approx. entire, thin proximally, thick distally, surface slightly papillose distally; adaxially somewhat concave up to % of its _ length, with two slight, obtuse ridges near the margin slightly over half-way its length, top 3 convex; abaxially with a slight, rounded ridge up to half-way along the length of the lip. Column ca 1.5 mm long, stigma subtriangular, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot tapering towards its tip, without lateral teeth. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, subacute. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest, surface glabrous, front margin drawn out, concave, obtuse. Pollinia 4, ovoid, the inner about % as long as the outer, distinctly flattened; no appendages present.
Colour: Sepals whitish, stained with pale pinkish red, yellowish towards the tip.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an understory epiphyte in secondary forest near a stream. Alt. ca 1450 m. Flowering Apr-Sep.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: The general shape of the flowers, including the tapering column foot, fits well in sect. Minutissima. The densely crowded pseudobulbs are very unusual in the section. B. perpusillum Ridl., from Sarawak, grows in similar tufts, but is a much smaller plant of slightly over one cm high, with acute- acuminate sepals and petals and an acute lip. B. keekee Halle, from New Caledonia, has similarly shaped flowers, but with a suborbicular lip with a small callus near the tip.
New Species of Bulbophy llum (Orchidaceae) ] | 3
Figure 16. Bulbophyllum insipidum J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byme. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip: D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, nght: abaxial
side; G. Pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from SBG-O 4804 (spirit sample).
114 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Bulbophyllum sect. Monanthaparva Ridl.
Bulbophyllum sect. Monanthaparva Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot., 32 (1896) 269; Van Royen, Alpine Fl. New Guinea 2 (1979) 207, sub sect. Schlechteria, see note below. — LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): B. striatellum Ridl.
Bulbophyllum sect. Scyphosepalum Schlitr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 701, 793; Van Royen, Alpine Fl. New Guinea 2 (1979) 217. — LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Bulbophyllum nuruanum Schltr.
Van Royen (l.c.) synonymised sect. Monanthaparva with sect. Schlechteria (= sect. Micromonanthe, here synonymised with sect. Polymeres, see below), without indicating a lectotype from among the species listed by Ridley with the original description of the section. These species would now be included in various sections; we choose B. striatellum Ridl., as a lectotype so that the _ sectional name can be used for a group of species identified below. Doing so, the taxonomic contents of the section differs from that implied by Van Royen.
The species included here are most similar to sect. Hybochilus Schltr, but differ in having the basal node of the pedicel 0.4-4 mm above the attachment of the floral bract (level with the attachment of the floral bract in sect. Hybochilus). Additional differences include: pedicel usually elongated (versus short to virtually absent); lip entire (versus obscurely or distinctly three lobed); median ridge on the lip absent or inconspicuous (versus usually distinct, often with an erect tooth proximally).
Marked similarity also exists between sect. Monanthaparva and sect. Polymeres (see below), but sect. Monanthaparva lacks the widened column foot (usually with a protrusion on each side of the ligament) that characterizes sect. Polymeres. The delimitation to sect. Hybochilus may still need some adjustments, but the following species are included in sect. Monanthaparva, with the species of which material has been checked for the diagnostic character marked with an asterisk:
B. ascochiloides J.J. Sm. B. lipense Ames
B. camptochilum J.J. Verm.* B. lordoglossum J.J. Verm.*
B. cavipes J.J. Verm.* B. marudiense Carr*
B. ciliatum (Bl.) Lindl.* B. membranaceum Teysm. & Binnend.* B. comberi J.J. Verm.* B. menglunense Tsi
B. delicatulum Schltr. B. pachyneuron Schltr.*
B. furcatum Aver. B. papillatum J.J. Sm.*
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 115
B. furcillatum J.J. Verm.* B. sensile Ames B. grudense J.J. Sm.* B. striatellum Ridl.* B. hemiprionotum J.J. Verm.* B. truncatum J.J. Sm.*
B. iterans J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne®* and B. trichorhachis J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne* can also be included, but have a racemose inflorescense.
Our investigation has yielded three new species:
Bulbophyllum clinopus J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo pachyneuron fo/iis ellipticis obtusis, inflorescentia multo breviore (2.5—3 cm longa in B. pachyneuron) differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, cult. Jongejan 387 (holo, L). Fig. 17.
Roots scattered along the rhizome. Rhizome long creeping, 1-1.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.3-3 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs widely spaced, patent, ovoid, 0.8-0.9 x 0.6-0.7 cm. Petiole up to 0.2-0.3 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 1.3-2 x 0.6-0.7 cm, index (length/width) 2.1-2.9; obtuse. Inflorescence ca | cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 1.5 mm, bracts ca 2, the longest ca 1.8 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 1.8 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary strongly curved, ca 4.5 mm long, basal node on a ca 0.5 mm long stump. Median sepal approx. porrect, ovate, ca 3 x 1.7 mm, index 1.7-1.8; apiculate, margins papillose towards the tip, base broadly attached; rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals free, recurved, oblique, elliptic, ca 4.5 x 2.5 mm, index ca 1.8, margins glabrous; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, oblong, ca 1.8 x 0.6 mm, index ca 3; obtuse, margins slightly erose towards the tip; base broadly attached; rather thin, surface glabrous. Lip approx. straight, general outline elliptic-ovate, ca 2 x 1.2 mm, index 1.6-1.7 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins papillose; thick, surface glabrous but papillose towards the margins; adaxially concave towards the base, with two inconspicuous, obtuse ridges starting near the base, converging towards the tip and continuing over about % of the length of the lip; abaxially with a weak, retuse ridge over most of its length. Column ca 1.8 mm long, stigma elliptic, without keels inside, with a very slight callus at its base, column foot not widened, hardly thickened, without teeth. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest towards the base and a flat beak towards the tip, surface somewhat papillose, front margin hardly drawn out, rounded, somewhat erose. Pollinia 4, the inner somewhat shorter than the outer, flattened.
Colour: Sepals and petals whitish, suffused with purplish red, veins dark
116 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
i 4
Figure 17. Bulbophyllum clinopus J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrme. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs, below: a single pair. All from Jongejan 387 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) ia
purplish red. Lip dark purplish red, whitish near base. Column white with a few pinkish specks, column foot stained dark red.
Habitat & ecology: No information available. Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Most similar to B. pachyneuron Schltr, also from Sulawesi, but easily distinguished by the elliptic, obtuse leaves (not ovate and acute, as
in B. pachyneuron), and the much shorter inflorescence (2.5-3 cm long in B. pachyneuron).
Bulbophyllum ecristatum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophylio ciliato petalis brevioribus latioribusque (2.5—3 mm longis, longitudinis / latitudinis indice 3—4 in B. ciliato), labello ovato (sine explicatione artificiali) stelidiis brevioribus acutis differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 4399 (holo, SING). Fig. 18.
Roots below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 0.8-1 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.8-1.1 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs well spaced, ovoid, 0.4-0.6 x 0.3-0.5 cm. Petiole up to 0.05 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, 0.9-1.2 x 0.4-0.5 cm, index (length/width) 2.2-2.4; obtuse. Inflorescence ca 1.4 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 0.8 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest ca 1 mm long. Floral bract tubular, cal.2 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 1.9 mm long, basal node on a ca 0.8 mm long stump. Median sepal recurved, triangular, ca 4.3 x 1.2 mm, index ca 3.6; acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached; rather thin, somewhat thickened towards the tip, adaxially finely papillose towards the tip. Lateral sepals free, oblique, ca 6 x 1.7 mm, index ca 3.5; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, triangular, ca 1.2 x 0.7 mm, index ca 1.7; acute, margins erose distally, base broadly attached; thin, surface glabrous. Lip (all without artificial spreading; when spread hastate), three-lobed; midlobe ovate, rounded, margins entire, about half-way along the length of the lip with flat, elliptic, obtuse paleae ca 0.1 mm long; rather thick; adaxially concave, surface aaprox. glabrous, abaxially with a rounded median ridge near the base, surface elsewhere convex, papillose towards the tip; sidelobes attached along the basal 4 of the length of the lip, slightly retrorse, oblique, triangular, obtuse, front margin with paleae as above, back margin entire; rather thin, surface glabrous. Column ca 0.9 mm long, stigma obovate, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot with a slight, rounded swelling
118 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 18. Bulbophyllum ecristatum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side. All from SBG-O 4399 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 119
just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a slight, rounded crest, surface aaprox. glabrous, front margin drawn out into a triangular beak. Pollinia (not seen).
Colour: Sepals whitish near the base, pale purplish red around the veins, entirely pale purplish red towards the tip. Petals translucent, with a purplish red midvein. Lip purple, darker at the base.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an epiphyte in the crown of small trees in riverine forest. Alt. 1400-1500 m. Flowering Jan, Feb, Aug.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. ciliatum (B1.) Lindl., is most similar, but differs in having 2.5-3 mm long, narrower petals (index 3-4), an elliptic or slightly obovate lip (without artificial spreading) and more slender, acuminate stelidia.
Bulbophyllum hemisterranthum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byre, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo pachyneuron foliis gradatim basin versus descrescentibus, labello glabro differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5046 (holo, SING). Fig. 19.
Roots scattered along the rhizome. Rhizome long creeping, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 2.5-17.5 cm long, bracts not persistent.
Pseudobulbs widely spaced, patent, ovoid-cylindrical, 2.8-5 x 0.5-0.8 cm.
(length/width) 6-8.2; acute. Inflorescence 6-8.5 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, 3.5-5 cm, bracts ca 2, the longest 4-5 mm long. Floral bract tubular, 3.5-4 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary 18- 25 mm long, basal node on a 3.5-4 mm long stump. Median sepal approx. porrect, ovate, ca 7 x 3.8 mm, index 1.8-1.9; apiculate-shortly acuminate, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thick, glabrous. Lateral sepals free, recurved, oblique, ca 9 x 4 mm, index 2.2-2.3, base rather broadly attached; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, ovate-triangular, ca 2.8 x 1.7 mm, index 1.6-1.7; rounded and shortly apiculate, margins entire; base broadly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lip recurved, general outline ovate, ca 3 x 2 mm, index ca 1.5 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins entire; thick; adaxially concave and furrowed over most of its length, with two rather distinct, obtuse ridges starting close to the margin and converging distally and running up to close to the tip where they meet, surface glabrous; abaxially with a weak, retuse ridge over most of its length,
120 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 19. Bulbophyllum hemisterranthum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byme. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: a single pair, below: two pairs. All from SBG-O 5046 (spirit sample).
eo ee eee
surface locally very finely papillose Column ca 3.1 mm long, stigma elliptic, without keels insi ne with a very slight callus at its base, column foot narrow, not thickened, without teeth. Stelidia triangular, ca 1.5 mm long, acute, upper margin slightly erose or not. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest towards the tip, surface glabrous, front margin drawn out, rounded, papillose. Pollinia 4. the inner as long as the outer, flattened.
Colour. Leaves green, adaxially with a thin, dull blackish purple midvein. Sepals dark red, pale green along the margins. Petals pale green wi ith a blackish spot at the tip. Lip orange. Column pale green.
Habitat & ecology: In mossy montane forest, epiphyte in thick moss pads on trees bordering a stream, also terrestrial in mossy riverbank. Alt. ca 12 1400 m. Flowering Feb.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: This is best placed in sect. Monanthaparva because of its general habit, the narrow column foot, combined with the somewhat fleshy, at least not diaphanous flowers. Among the Sulawesi species, it is most similar to B. pachyneuron Schltr, which differs in having wider leaves that are abruptly narrowed at their base, and a partly papillose lip.
Bulbophyllum sect. Monanthes (Bl.) Aver.
(= sect. Polyblepharon)
Diphyes sect. Monanthes B1., Biydr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 311.— Bulbophyllum
sect. Monanthes (Bl.) Aver., Identification Guide to Vietnamese Orchids (1994) 279. — TYPE SPECIES: Diphyes tortuosa Bl. [= Bulbophyllum tortuosum (B1.) Lindl.]
Bulbophyllum sect. ese gape Schltr oe Repert. 10 (1912) 177: Feddes Repert. eee 13) 701. 794; Van Royen, Alpine Fl. New Guinea 2 (1979) 217. — we: TOTYPE SPECIES (des signated by Vz Royen): ere polyblepharon Schltr.
Bulbophyllum consimile J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byme, sp. no1
A Bulbophyllo membranaceo sepali median marginibus papilloso- ciliolatis - labell 1G) pagina adc wiali i sine crista me rik fel f di Oorum SeCcus margines inferiores sine dente deltoideo differt dif = iyi Indonesia,
Sulawesi, southwest part SBG-O 5006 (holo, SING). "Fig, 20.
122, Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Roots below the pseudobulbs, spreading. Rhizome creeping or shortly straggling, 1.5-2 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 4-5 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs ovoid, (obliquely) erect, 1.4-1.5 x 0.6-0.8 cm. Petiole up to 2.5-4 mm long. Leaf blade ovate, 3.6-4 x 2.1-2.2 cm, index (length/width) 1.7-1.8; acute. Inflorescence ca 1.4 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle porrect, ca 0.6—0.9 cm, bracts 2.5- 4 mm long. Floral bracts tubular, 1.8-2.5 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 2 mm long, basal node coinciding with the attachment of the floral bract. Median sepal slightly recurved, elliptic, ca 5.2 x 2.7 mm, index 1.9-2; acute- acuminate, margins entire, finely papillose-ciliolate, base widely attached; rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals approx. porrect, fused along the lower margin, oblique, triangular, ca 6 x 2.4 mm, index ca 2.5; acute; margins entire; glabrous; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, ovate-triangular, ca 2.1 x 1.3 mm, index ca 1.6; acuminate, margins finely erose, base widely attached; thin, surface glabrous. Lip recurved about half- way, general outline ovate, ca 2.3 x 1.1 mm, index ca 2.1; acute-apiculate, margins ciliate in the top % of its length; rather thick over its entire length, surface glabrous; adaxially slightly concave towards the base, slightly convex towards the tip, without a median ridge; abaxially virtually without a ridge near the base. Column ca 1.4 mm long, stigma without basal tooth, column foot thickened near the tip. Stelidia curved, triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a slight, rounded, papillose crest, surface somewhat papillose, front margin drawn out into a deltoid beak with approx. glabrous margins. Pollinia 4, drop-shaped, the inner somewhat flattened and about half as long as the outer, a fleshy stipes is present.
Colours: Median sepal and petals dull purple. Lateral sepals idem, but pale yellow along lower margin. Lip purple.
Habitat & ecology: Understory epiphyte in moss cushions in low, dense, very wet montane forest, also in trees in gardens, at 1600-2200 m alt. Flowering Jan.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Sulawesi, southwest part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. consimile is very similar to the widespread B. membranaceum Teysm. & Binnend., at first sight, but differs in details of the flowers: the basal node of the pedicel is level with the atachment of the floral bract, the median sepal has papillose-ciliolate margins (not glabrous), the lip margins are ciliate (not papillose), the lip is about equally thick (in lateral view) over most of its
|
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae)
Figure 20. Bulbophyllum consimile J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, above: two pairs with appendage, below: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5006 (spirit sample).
124 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
length (not distinctly thicker near the base), and lacks a median ridge, and the stelidia lack a deltoid tooth along the lower margins.
Bulbophyllum oncopus J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo oligochaete sepalis ciliatis, lateralibus obtusis, petalis triangularibus obtusis, stelidiis secus marginem inferiorem sine dente differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, SBG-O 3947 (holo, SING). Fig. 21.
Roots all produced close to the base of the rhizome. Rhizome hanging down perpendicularly, up to 10 cm long, ca 1 mm diam., bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs ovoid-cylindrical, prostrate on and fused to the rhizome, so that the new pseudobulbs arise from half-way the length of the old, 0.6-1.2 x 0.15- 0.25 cm. Petiole up to 1 mm long. Leaf blade ovate, 2.7-4.8 x 0.5-1.1 cm, index (length/width) 4.3-7; acute. Inflorescence ca 0.8 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle porrect, ca 0.15-0.2 cm, bracts 1. 2-2.5 mm long. Floral bracts tubular, ca 2.5 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 1.3 mm long, basal node coinciding with the attachment of the floral bract. Median sepal recurved, elliptic, ca 3.3 x 1.8 mm, index 1.8-1.9; rounded, margins entire, ciliate, base widely attached; rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals porrect, fused along the lower margin up to % of their length, oblique, ca 4 x 1.3 mm, index 3-3.1; obtuse; upper margin ciliate-fimbriate; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, ovate, ca 0.8 x 0.7 mm, index 1.1-1.2; obtuse, margins slightly erose towards the tip, base widely attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lip almost straight, general outline ovate with a drawn out, narrow top half because the margins are folded backwards, ca 1.7 x 0.7 mm, index 2.4-2.5; obtuse, margins ciliate in the basal half, papillose in the top half; thin, surface glabrous; adaxially slightly concave towards the base, as well as near the tip, without a median ridge; abaxially without a ridge near the base. Column ca 1.2 mm long, stigma without basal tooth, column foot distinctly widened and thickened and with a flat somewhat angular swelling near each margin. Stelidia curved, triangular, ca 0.6 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a distinct, rounded, papillose crest, surface somewhat papillose, front margin drawn out into a rounded beak with approx. glabrous margins. Pollinia 4, drop-shaped, the inner flattened and less than half as long as the outer.
Colours: Median sepal pinkish purple, whitish towards the base, with slighty darker veins. Lateral sepals pinkish purple, with a white patch near the base. Petals translucent white. Lip pinkish purple, but white along the midvein. Column white.
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 125
!
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! PecpCerh ch vCal rpg ENT
M( May,
ALAA yy
Figure 21. Bulbophyllum oncopus J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: abaxial side, below: adaxial side; G. Pollinia, left: one pair, right: two pairs. All from SBG-O 3947 (spirit sample).
126 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Habitat & ecology: Montane forest on limestone soil, at 1500 m alt. Flowering Jan-Mar, Oct-Dec.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi: Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. oncopus shares the general shape of the lip, with recurved margins in the top half, with B. oligochaete Schltr, from New Guinea. It differs in having ciliate sepals, the lateral sepals obtuse rather than broadly round, triangular, obtuse petals and stelidia without a tooth along the lower margin. B. loxophyllum Schltr, also from New Guinea is even more similar in the shape of the flower parts, but has eciliate lateral sepals and the margins of the lip not recurved.
Bulbophyllum sect. Polymeres (Bl.) J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, comb. nov, . (= sect. Fruticicola, sect. Epibulbon, sect. Leptopus, sect. Megaloglossum, sect. Rhizocaulon)
Diphyes sect. Polymeres Bl., Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 7 (1825) 318.-LECTOTY PE SPECIES (here designated): Diphyes tenuifolia Bl. [Bulbophyllum tenuifolium (BI.) Lindl.].
Bulbophyllum sect. Micromonanthe Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 701 & 783. — Bulbophyllum sect. Schlechteria Van Royen, Alpine FI. New Guinea 2 (1979) 207.— LECTOTYPE SPECIES (designated by Van Royen): Bulbophyllum neoguineense J.J. Sm.
Bulbophyllum sect. Leptopus Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beth. 1 (1913) 702 & 828; Van Royen, Alpine Fl. New Guinea 2 (1979) 223. - LECTOTYPE SPECIES (designated by Van Royen): Bulbophyllum leptopus Schltr.
Bulbophyllum sect. Rhizocaulon Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 702 & 831. —- LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Bulbophyllum dictvoneuron Schltr.
Bulbophyllum sect. Fruticicola Schitr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 702 & 833; Van Royen, Alpine Fl. New Guinea 2 (1979) 227.—LECTOTY PE SPECIES (designated by Van Royen): Bulbophyllum fruticicola Schltr.
Bulbophyllum sect. Epibulbon Schltr., Feddes Repert. Beih. 1 (1913) 703 & 845. LECTOTYPE SPECIES (here designated): Bulbophyllum epibulbon Schltr.
)
Bulbophyllum sect. Megaloglossum Carr, J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 11, 1 (1933) 90.— TYPE SPECIES: Bulbophyllum brastagiense Carr (= B. crepidiferum J.J. Sm.).
This section includes a large number of species, all characterized by the Sie of lateral teeth or wings on the column foot, next to the ligament. Additional characters present in many species include: flowers fairly small (1 cm long or less) sepals and petals thin, petals much shorter than the sepals, lip thick and spongy, with a tuft of hairs or papillae on the abaxial side, column with distinct, acute stelidia, column foot elongated.
Vegetatively, the species display a wide array of growth forms, which have been used in the past to arrange the species into sections: long, thin, creeping rhizomes with widely spaced, erect pseudobulbs (section Megaloglossum), patent or pendulous rhizomes with slender porrect pseudobulbs (section Leptopus), patent or pendulous rhizomes with short. porrect, distichous pseudobulbs (section Fruticicola), patent or pendulous rhizomes with the pseudobulbs fused to it, one placed on top of the other (section Epibulbon). It is difficult, however, to uphold these groupings: too many species appear intermediate between groups. The new Sulawesi species here described include several examples of such intermediates. Provisionally. we prefer to include them all in one section. The grouping given below is to fit Sulawesi material only and has no practical value outside the
a1 > —
area.
Group a - Species with creeping rhizomes, more or less distant pseudobulbs of substantial size, and inflorescences much shorter than the pseudobulb plus leaf they arise from.
The flowers are often as in section Fruticicola, a section ger ay characterized by a patent or pendulous rhizome. Bulbophyllum valeryi J/./. Verm. & P. O'Byrne from Sulawesi belongs here too.
Bulbophyllum cymbochilum J.J. Verm. & P.O’ Byme, sp. nov. Bulbophyllum cymbochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O'Byrne, in sectione Polymeres labellum concavum leviter sursum flexum singularis. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5239 (holo, SING). Fig. 22.
Roots prams below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, 1.2-1.8 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.5-0.8 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs spaced, obliquely erect, ovoid, 0.7-0.9 x 0.4-0.5 cm. Petiole
up to 0.3 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 2.2-2.8 x 0.7-0.9 cm, index (length/width) 2.3-3.3; acute. Inflorescence ca 0.9 cm long, 1-flowered.
Peduncle patent, 0.18-0.25 cm, bracts ca 2, the longest ca 1.4 mm long. Floral
128 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Figure 22. Bulbophyllum cymbochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. | Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: abaxial side, right: adaxial side. All from SBG-O 5239 (spirit sample).
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 129
bract tubular, ca 1.7 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 2.2 mm long, basal node on a ca 0.8 mm long stump. Median sepal spreading, elliptic, ca 5.8 x 2.2 mm, index 2.6-2.7; acuminate, margins entire, slightly papillose distally, base rather narrowly attached; rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals free, spreading to reflexed, oblique, ca 6 x 2.5 mm, index ca 2.4; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic, ca 2.1 x 1.8 mm, index |.1-1.2; rounded, margins slightly erose and very finely papillose; base shortly clawed; thin, adaxially slighty and very finely papillose towards the tip. Lip approx. straight or slightly incurved at the tip, general outline approx. elliptic, ca 2.9 x 1.3 mm, index 2.2-2.3 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins entire slightly papillose towards the base; very thick and soft, surface slightly papillose locally; adaxially entirely concave, with two rounded ridges starting at the base, near the margin, gradually converging up to about 2/5 of the length of the lip, in between these ridges, near the base of the lip, a transverse ridge consisting of two fused teeth, leaving a small cavity in between on their front side; abaxially with a wide, retuse ridge over most of the length of the lip. Column ca | mm long, stigma elliptic, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot with thin, ovate, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.4 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out, rounded, papillose. Pollinia (not seen).
Colour: Plant green. Sepals cream coloured with purplish red veins and stains. Petal translucent white with large blackish blotches. Lip dark purplish red, white near the base.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an understory epiphyte in mossy montane forest. Alt. ca 1200-1400 m. Flowering Feb-Apr, Jun-Aug, Nov.
Distribution: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Uniquely identified within section Polymeres by its concave, slightly upturned lip.
Bulbophyllum gamandrum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo bowkettae /abello ovato, stelidiis rectis, et a B. sarcochilum sepalis longioribus, labello ad basin plus distincte concavo differt.—Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 51/2 (holo, SING). Fig. 23.
Roots scattered along the rhizome. Rhizome creeping, 1.5-2 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.2-1.3 cm long, bracts not persistent.
130 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
=
Figure 23. Bulbophyllum gamandrum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. i Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial
side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: abaxial side, right:
adaxial side. All from SBG-O 5/12 (spirit sample).
> |
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 131
Pseudobulbs spaced, prostrate for most of their length, ovoid, 0.9-1 x ca 0.6 cm. Petiole up to 0.15 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic, ca 1.9 x 0.9 cm, index (length/width) ca 2.1; obtuse. Inflorescence ca 1.9 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 0.9 cm, bracts ca 4, the longest ca 2.8 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 2.5 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 6mm long, the latter slightly costulate, basal node on aca 2 mm long stump. Median sepal approx. porrect, ovate, ca 7 x 2.5 mm, index ca 2.8; acute, margins entire, base broadly attached; rather thin, glabrous. Lateral sepals free, recurved, oblique, ca 7.3 x 3 mm, index 2.4-2.5; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic, ca 2.8 x 2 mm, index ca 1.4; obtuse, margins slightly erose; base narrowly attached; thin, surface approx. glabrous. Lip slightly curved, general outline approx. ovate with a slightly drawn-out top part, ca 3.5 x 2.3 mm, index 1.5-1.6 (all without artificial spreading), obtuse, margins entire; thick, glabrous but slightly and finely papillose near the tip; adaxially concave and slightly furrowed in the basal half, surface slightly convex near the tip; abaxially with a weak, retuse ridge up to about half-way its length. Column ca 1.5 mm long, stigma approx. circular, without keels inside, with a distinct callus at its base, column foot widened and thickened, with thick, retrorse, semi-elliptic, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, acute. Anther fused to the top of the column, abaxially with a inconspicuous crest, surface approx. glabrous, front margin drawn out, obtuse. Pollinia (not seen).
Colour: Plant green. Sepals pale reddish with darker veins. Lip purplish red.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in open, low, secondary woodland of thin pole trees on a steep slope. Alt. 800-1000 m. Flowering Feb, Apr.
Distribution: (NDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: B. bowkettae F.M. Bail., from Australia, is most similar, but has an oblong lip and upturned stelidia. B. sarcochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, is vegetatively similar but has much shorter sepals and a lip that is concave only near the base.
Bulbophyllum rhodophyllum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllo ciliipetalo foliis minoribus (versus circa 10 cm_ longa), inflorescentia breviore (versus 3 cm longa), labello obtuso sepalis breviore, a B. ruguloso petalis acutis differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5066 (holo, SING). Fig. 24.
132 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Roots below the pseudobulbs. Rhizome creeping, |.2-1.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 0.7-1.5 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs spaced, prostrate towards the base, ovoid, 0.6-1.2 x 0.4-0.7 cm. Petiole up to 0.3 cm long. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 1.3-2.8 x 0.5-0.8 cm, index (length/width) 2.6-3.6; acute. Inflorescence ca 1.7 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 0.25 cm, bracts ca 2, the longest ca 1 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 2.5 mm, acute. Flowers opening wide. Pedicel and ovary ca 6 mm long, costulate, basal node on a ca 1.5 mm long stump. Median sepal spreading, elliptic, ca 9 x 2.2 mm, index ca 4.1; acute, margins entire, base rather broadly attached; rather thin, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals free, oblique, ovate, ca 9 x 3.2 mm, index ca 2.8; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic, ca 3 x 1 mm, index ca 3; acute, margins entire, papillose with elongated papillae; base rather broadly attached; rather thin, adaxially very finely papillose towards the margins. Lip slightly recurved near the base, general outline ovate, ca 5 x 1.4 mm, index 3.5- 3.6 (all without artificial spreading), obtuse, margins entire, slightly papillose towards the base; thick and soft, surface slightly verrucate distally; adaxially . concave and somewhat furrowed towards the base, slightly convex towards the tip; abaxially with an inconspicuous ridge near the base, surface with a papillose- shortly hairy patch in the basal half of the lip. Column ca 1.5 mm long, stigma obovate, without keels inside, without teeth at its base, column foot widened and thickened, with thick, triangular, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.5 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest, surface papillose, front margin drawn out, rounded, papillose. Pollinia 4, ovoid, the inner almost as long as the outer, flattened.
Colour: Pseudobulbs purplish, leaves dark green. Sepals pale ochrish with purplish red veins. Petals whitish with hyaline papillae along the margins. Lip
purplish red near base, orange red towards the tip.
Habitat & ecology: Found as an understory epiphyte in mossy montane forest. Alt. ca 1200-1400 m. Flowering Feb, Apr-Aug, Nov, Dec.
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Most similar to B. ciliipetalum Schlitr., which differs in having larger leaves (about 10 cm long), a longer inflorescence (about 3 cm long), and an acute lip which is almost as long as the sepals. B rugulosum J.J. Sm., differs in being a larger plant, and in having rounded petals.
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 133
Figure 24. Bulbophyllum rhodophyllum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byme. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, above: adaxial side, below: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, left: a single pair, right: two pairs. All from SBG-O 5066 (spirit sample).
134 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Bulbophyllum sarcochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O’ Byrne, sp. nov.
A Bulbophyllis bowkettae ef B. johnsonii sepalis brevioribus et latioribus (indice 2—3 in speciebus ambabus australiis), labello plus carnoso ad basin leviter concavo tantum differt. — Typus: Indonesia, Sulawesi, central part, SBG-O 5783 (holo, SING). Fig. 25.
Roots scattered along the rhizome. Rhizome creeping, ca 1.5 mm diam., sections between pseudobulbs 1.5-2 cm long, bracts not persistent. Pseudobulbs spaced, prostrate towards the base, ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.1- 1.2 x ca 0.6 cm. Petiole up to 0.05 cm long. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, ca 1.7 x 0.8-0.9 cm, index (length/width) 1.9-2.1; obtuse. Inflorescence ca 1.6 cm long, 1-flowered. Peduncle patent, ca 0.9 cm, bracts ca 3, the longest ca 2 mm long. Floral bract tubular, ca 2.5 mm, acute. Flowers not fully opening. Pedicel and ovary ca 4.5 mm long, the latter slightly costulate, basal node on aca 2 mm long stump. Median sepal approx. porrect, ovate, ca 3.2 x 2 mm, index ca 1.6; shortly acuminate, margins finely papillose towards the tip, base - broadly attached; rather thick, surface glabrous. Lateral sepals free, recurved, oblique, ca 3.5 x 2.3 mm, index 1.5-1.6, upper margin glabrous; otherwise as the median sepal. Petals porrect, elliptic-ovate, ca 2 x 1.3 mm, index 1.5- 1.6; rounded, margins finely papillose-ciliolate; base narrowly attached; thin, surface approx. glabrous. Lip approx. straight, general outline approx. elliptic, ca 2.2 x 1.2 mm, index 1.8-1.9 (all without artificial spreading), rounded, margins entire; thick and soft; adaxially slightly concave and furrowed near the base, with two low, obtuse ridges starting close to the margin and converging distally and running up to ’/,-'/, of the length of the lip, surface convex distally, adaxial surface glabrous; abaxially with a weak, retuse ridge and a papillose surface near the base. Column ca 1.4 mm long, stigma circular, without keels inside, with a slight callus at its base, column foot widened and thickened, with thick, deltoid, obtuse lateral teeth just above the ligament. Stelidia triangular, ca 0.7 mm long, acute. Anther abaxially with a rounded crest, surface approx. glabrous but papillose towards the tip, front margin drawn out, rounded, papillose. Pollinia 4, the inner slightly shorter than the outer, flattened.
Colour: Sepals yellow, with slightly darker veins. Petals translucent yellow, with a blackish red midvein and top. Lip bright yellow, suffused with red near the base.
Habitat & ecology: Epiphyte in montane oak forest. Alt. ca 1200 m. Flowering Apr.
oS) ‘Nn
New Species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) 1:
Figure 25. Bulbophyllum sarcochilum J.J. Verm. & P. O’Byrne. A. Habit; B. Flower; C. Flower analysis, from left to right: median sepal, petal, lateral sepal, lip; D. Lip, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; E. Column and lip, lateral view; F. Anther, left: adaxial side, right: abaxial side; G. Pollinia, left: two pairs, right: a single pair. All from SBG-O 5783 (spirit sample).
136 Gard. Bull. Singapore 60 (1) 2008
Distribution: INDONESIA. Sulawesi, central part (1 specimen seen).
Notes: Vegetatively, this species looks similar to B. bowkettae F.M. Bail., and, to a lesser extent, B. johnsonii T.E. Hunt, both from Australia. It shares the half-prostrate pseudobulbs on a long-creeping rhizome with both species; it differs in having shorter and wider sepals (index 2-3 in both Australian species). Also, the lip is much more fleshy, and only slightly concave near the base.
Bulbophyllum semiindutum J.J.